Neural Interfaces : A Links Between Human Nervous System

The nervous system is made up of basic units called neurons. The main role of the neurons is to receive, integrate and transmit information throughout the body. There are some neuroglial cells found in nervous system aswell which provide support to the neurons by giving protection and nourishment Neurons have nerve processes that looks like finger like projections extended from the nerve cell body. They also contain axons and dendrites which enable them to transmit signals throughout the body. Normally, axon carry signals away from the cell body and dendrites carry signals toward the cell body according to Regina Bailey (2013). Neurons have three different shapes: bipolar, unipolar and multipolar where bipolar has two neuronal processes coming out of the cell body, unipolar has only one neuronal process coming out of the cell body and multipolar has many neuronal processes coming out of the cell body.

Everything we do is a product of neural communication, whether that be reacting to senses or feeling emotions, it is all due to us having neural communication through millions of neurons passing small electrical signals throughout the body through such pathways as the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system and passing information to and from the brain. These ‘’neurons’’ are made up of Dendrites which are connected to a cell body, or also known as the soma, these are tree-like feathery filament ‘’message receivers’’ that collect these messages from other neurons it is connected to, neurons are connected through a dendrite to axon terminal connections and pass these ‘’messages’’ through the body as action potentials.

In the organization of the Human Nervous System it is divided into sections such as the sensory system, which gathers and process information from the surrounding environment: motor systems which responds from environment by sending signals and information to facilitate movement behavioral responses and the associational system which is a meditator from most multifaceted and least problematic brain functions. Within these different functions of the nervous system it is divided into two components where these functions can happen the central nervous system that comprises of brain and spinal cord and peripheral nervous system that embodies nerves and ganglia.

There are many illnesses, pertaining to both medical and psychological, that affect the health and wellbeing of countless other people. Some examples of these types of diseases would be Parkinson’s disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder. While the effects of the disease can be suppressed by pharmaceutical means, there comes a point when medicine is simply not enough. This in turn led to the usage of deep brain stimulators to help ameliorate problems that medicine could not. Although implementing deep brain stimulators is a new procedure that has been in practice since over twenty years ago, many experts agree that using them is not a panacea because there can be many problems from them. Since deep brain stimulators are recently new in the medical field, there are positive and negative effects still being discovered.

1.1. Identify 2 conditions that may lead to an acute illness of the neurological system.

The oscilloscope was used to determine that electrode placement was sufficient to record neural activity. This was determined by looking for a recording with minimal background noise and clear spontaneous extracellular action potentials (EAPs) . Criteria for an EAP included the presence of a clear bi- or triphasic waveform amplitude peak above 10 mV.

The brain has a part called the cerebral cortex(gray matter) which is made up of 3 to 6 layers of neurons.[7] A neuron has three parts namely axon, dendrites and cell body.[6] Neurons are classified as principal(projection) neurons and interneurons. Principal neurons transmit information to other neurons in the brain and form excitatory synapses. Interneurons in the CNS transmit impulses locally and form inhibitory synapse.[7] Two common types of pathways for these neurons include recurrent feedback pathways and feed-forward pathways.[9](Figure 2)

Doctors implant small wire thin electrodes on both the right and left side of the brain through small holes made in the top of the skull. Each electrode has four contacts and when turned on the stimulator transmits low volts of electrical pulses along the four contacts to the nerves inside the brain

Sounds and speech are captured by a microphone and sent to the external speech processor. The processor then translates the sounds into electrical signals, which are then sent to the transmitting coil. These codes travel up a cable to the headpiece and are transmitted across the skin through radio waves to the implanted cochlea electrodes. The electrodes’ signals then stimulate the auditory nerve fibres to send information to the brain where it is interpreted as meaningful sound.

(A) The Central Nervous System (CNS). In the CNS the stimuli that received transmit from sensory neuron to motor neuron by the link of interneuron.

The study of neuroscience increased exponentially due to increase of due to advance of advances in molecular, electrophysiology, and computational neuroscience. It has helped neuroscientist research all aspect of the brain nerve system: how it functions, malfunctions, or changes. The study of neuroscience can be done in multiple steps ranging from molecular and cellular to the system and

Within the human anatomy, an intricate and complex network of specialised nerve fibres and neurons works in collaboration with the central nervous system and peripheral system, designed to carry out the various actions humans perform every day. The nervous system is also known as the master control unit of the human body, as it operates other major functions such as the circulatory and respiratory systems (Jakab, 2006). It is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The neurons established within the various sections of the nervous system, is structured with three main parts: a dendrite which is a cluster of branches that operates by receiving information from the

“Today’s science is riveted on our body’s most amazing parts- the brain, its component neural systems, and their genetic instructions.” Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and function of the brain and nervous system. The basic building block of the nervous system and brain is the neuron, or a nerve cell. The neuron is made up of different structures, all playing a vital role in the function of the cell. The first being the dendrites, the bushy, branch extensions that receive the impulse and conduct it towards the rest of the cell. From here the message passes through the axon, a single nerve fiber that carries the impulse away from the cell body. Many axons are covered with a fatty, lipid covering called the myelin sheath. The function

The final method of neural recording is electrocorticography or ECoG. This method, compared to the previous two methods could be considered the best option to record neural activity. The reason being that it’s a mixture of both of the other methods in a way. The way this method works is that recorders are placed directly on surface of the brain, in order to get clear signals without interference from the skull and scalp. The difference between ECoG and intraparenchymal electrodes however, is the fact that ECoG does not penetrate the brain, but rather it sits on top of the brain. This avoids the problem of the brain growing around it, and in turn does not affect the signals strength in anyway, allowing a more permanent solution for neuroprosthetics limbs to be practically used. This method trumps the last two methods in speed and practicality. Where EEG is limited to moving cursors on computers at a relatively slow pace, requiring major concentration and practice, when tested ECoG was able to get the same results at a fraction of the time and effort. in addition, while intraparenchymal electrodes are capable of basic motor

The neurons in the brain tissue communicate with each other via electrical signals, generating measurable action potential activity. Electrophysiological techniques have been developed to measure this electrical activity. Electrophysiological techniques are some of the classic methods of brain research, partly because they are very sensitive and accurate. They provide quite a number of insights into the subject’s mind as well as allow for study of how the brain works. They can be used during brain surgery as well as when the patient is awake and conscious, as the brain itself does not sense pain during the measurements. Although electrophysiology has been around for close to half a century, it has attained appreciable advances only in the last two decades. These advances have revolutionized the study of brain structure and functions, allowing neurophysiologists to monitor the brain’s activities directly during experiments (Sutler et al., 1999). Even with its significant impact in neurology, however, its presence has been so commonplace that many people no longer realize its ubiquity. This essay explores three electrophysiological techniques namely patch clamp, sharp electrodes, and brain slice recording. It describes how each of these techniques works as well as how advances in the techniques have