Neural Tissue

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Chapter 12: Neural Tissue - An Introduction to the Nervous System
Learning Outcomes
12-1 Describe the anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system.
12-2 Sketch and label the structure of a typical neuron, describe the functions of each component, and classify neurons on the basis of their structure and function.
12-3 Describe the locations and functions of the various types of neuroglia.
12-4 Explain how the resting potential is created and maintained.
12-5 Describe the events involved in the generation and propagation of an action potential.
12-6 Discuss the factors that affect the speed with which action potentials are propagated.
12-7 Describe the structure of a synapse, and explain the mechanism involved in
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rent neurons of PNS
Interneurons – association neurons

Functions of Sensory Neurons
Monitor internal environment (visceral sensory neurons)
Monitor effects of external environment (somatic sensory neurons)
Structures of Sensory Neurons
Unipolar
Cell bodies grouped in sensory ganglia
Processes (afferent fibers) extend from sensory receptors to CNS

Three Types of Sensory Receptors
Interoceptors
Monitor internal systems (digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive)
Internal senses (taste, deep pressure, pain)
Exteroceptors
External senses (touch, temperature, pressure)
Distance senses (sight, smell, hearing)
Proprioceptors
Monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)

Motor Neurons
Carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors
Via efferent fibers (axons)

Two major efferent systems
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
Autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS)
Visceral motor neurons innervate all other peripheral effectors
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

Preganglionic fibers
Postganglionic fibers

Interneurons
Most are located in brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia
Between sensory and motor neurons
Are responsible for:
Distribution of sensory information
Coordination of motor activity
Are involved in higher functions
Memory, planning, learning

12-3 Neuroglia
Neuroglia
Half the volume of the nervous
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