Neural Tube Diseases: Annotated Bibliography

Children who are malnourish and vitamin A deficient are two times more likely to die compare to those receiving a vitamin A supplement. This increase in mortality rate is due to the vulnerability state of the child that caused by lack of nutrition. Moreover, the scarcity of the proper mineral and vitamins for pregnant mothers has cause more than 13 million underweight and premature births. Over the years Vitamins B, D, and C have proven to cure disease such as pellagra, rickets and scurvy and although this might seem easy fixes for the richer

Children and young people’s health and development is closely linked to their dietary choice as they need the right amount of nutrients necessary to keep their energy and to maintain the body for growth, tissue repair, healthy skin, hair and teeth, red blood cells and strong immune system.

In Canada, a clinical study by De Wals et al was performed to assess whether or not folic acid fortification has an effect on the recurrence of NTDs (neural tube defects), especially on upper and lower birth defects called spina bifida (De Wals et al., 2008). The study was performed in three different regions in Canada: the eastern, western and central provinces (De Wals et al., 2008). Furthermore, the population of the study was conducted on three different types of births which were livebirths, stillbirths, and termination of pregnancies, and the study was carried out through three periods included prefortification, partial fortification and full fortifications (De Wals et al., 2008). The researchers followed the scientific investigation

Retrieved from pttp://dx.doi.org. Privett, D. (2015). Autism Spectrum Disorder –Research Suggest Good Nutrition Manage Symptoms. Today’s

Safe work practices are vital in the kitchen to ensure safety and hygiene whilst preparing the dish. Hands should always be washed throughout the practical to avoid any harmful sickness inducing contaminants from entering the food. Similarly, time management process will be essential in order to complete the cook within the time frame and ensure the workspace and dishes used are clean and sanitised. Folate is essential during pregnancy as it is essential for the baby’s growth and development,

Although breast milk adequately meets most infant's nutritional needs, amounts of Vitamin D may not be sufficient to sustain proper health; this may be especially true if a mother had low vitamin D status during her pregnancy (5). For proper

A birth defect is preventable if the mother would take folic acid prior of becoming pregnant (U.S. Department of Health and Services, 2016). These reduce the chances of having a defect by 50-70% for neural tube defects. Some recommendations such as having a healthy weight, not to use illegal drugs, getting vaccinated, taking prenatal and or during pregnancy vitamins, having recommended screening test, controlling

To understand why the public’s health is in a precipitous decline it’s best to first look into the case of nutritional deficiency; are we getting all the vitamins and minerals our bodies require? One of the core issues is the misinformation on what a vitamin really is and why one should be concerned about this. The Food and Drug Administration has a firm stance that these synthetic vitamins

We need to supplement minimum 400 microgram folic acid before and during pregnancy to prevent major birth defects of the baby’s brain and spine called neural tube defects. Dietary sources are fortified cereals, leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, dried

The three neural tube defects detailed in the textbook are spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Of the three defects, myelomeningocele causes the most neurological deficit. It results when the external sac contains meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord or its nerve roots. A myelomeningocele frequently results in permanent neurological difficulties, including paralysis, bladder and bowel dysfunction, twisted or abnormal legs and feet, and Chiari malformation. Spina bifida occulta, on the other hand, is the most common neural tube defect but the least severe. It generally will not cause neurological dysfunction, but sometimes associates with foot weakness or bowel and bladder disturbances. Spina bifida

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for all men and women 14 and older is 400 mcg. Men often don’t realize this as the benefits to pregnant women are more publicized, but any human being is in need of proper amounts of folic acid to insure the body is able to create new red blood cells to nourish the

Folate (folic acid) is a B vitamin essential for normal production and synthesis of DNA and RNA within a maturing erythrocyte (red blood cell). Folate deficiency is the lack of folic acid in the blood which can cause megaloblastic anemia (Folate-deficiency anemia) in which the red blood cells are abnormally large and the inner contents not completely developed. The absorption of folate occurs primarily in the upper small intestine and is then circulated through the liver for storage. The daily requirement of 50 to 200 mcg of Folate per day must be met through dietary intake. This amount that increases for women who are pregnant or lactating in order to meet the additional demands of the

It is thought that nutrients insufficiency plays crucial role in preeclampsia development in pregnant women. Micronutrients and vitamins have clinical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and they are substantial for normal placentation by acting on placental endothelial function. In addition, nutrients contribute to the spiral artery remodeling and angiogenesis. (Ilekis et al., 2017).

In Australia, the reasonableness and effectiveness of folic acid being mandatorily fortified to support healthy pregnancy when considering the occurrence of NTDS in Australian children due to the amount their mothers have consumed of folic acid during pregnancy. The main purpose for creating a mandatory policy to include folic acid to the wheat flour of non-organic bread in Australia is to reduce the incidence of NTDs across the nation. Substantial rates of NTDs occur worldwide as significantly more folate is needed early in pregnancy than in other life stages. This early stage of pregnancy is often when women are unaware that they are pregnant. The folate is required for the development of the embryonic neural tube, which develops into

In pregnancy the body needs to produce cells to help with the development and nourishment of the growing fetus; it also helps to make red blood cells . During pregnancy, risks can be associated with toxaemia, premature birth and haemorrhaging if there is no folic acid in the diet (Youngson, 2005). Folic acid contributes to several major biological processes and these include the combination of RNA, DNA and proteins. It is needed to help with the repair and replication of DNA and the maintenance of the genome and it is also involved in the regulation of gene expression (Hendler & Rorvik, 2008).