Neuroblastoma Case Study

A person has a 0.55–0.7% chance of developing any type of brain tumor in their lifetime (Mohammadi and Schroeder 1). A brain tumor is a mass of abnormal cells located somewhere in the brain. Brain tumors can be caused by many different disorders including Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). Some tumors caused by this disorder are inoperable. Inoperable brain tumors can now be treated using new advanced technology. Technological advances provide new hope for patients who have inoperable brain tumors and TSC.

Optimal management of NSCLC now requires that tumours be screened for a certain range of predictive and prognostic biomarkers that help to predict sensitivity to targeted therapy and estimate prognosis respectively . For NSCLC, much of the work in the past years has been focussed on mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and on the abnormal fusion of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) being inhibited successfully with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and crizotinib respectively. Targeted agents are now being rationally designed to inhibit particular mutations leading to a more streamlined clinical trial process. In this review, we will examine the major subtypes of driver mutations that have been identified in NSCLC and relevant targeted therapies available both now, and in the foreseeable future.

Brain cancer develops from cells within the brain. The brain controls the vital functions of the body, including, speech, movement, thoughts, feelings, memory, sight, hearing, and more. Brain cancer affects people in many different ways. Brain cancer is diagnosed at the local stage in 76.6% of people. The 5-year survival for localized brain and other nervous system cancer is 36.3%. Brain cancer will cause anything from headaches to balance and walking problems, changes in your vision, muscle twitches, memory problems, and nausea and vomiting.

Neuro-Oncology is the study of cancer in the brain, skull base, or spinal cord. They can also treat genetic disorders of a certain type such as Neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromatosis is tumors that grow in the nervous system that is caused by a genetic disorder. The main purpose of the research was to gain information on Neuro- oncology, general information on brain tumors, and general information on specific tumor types. Central nervous system tumors include various gliomas such as glioblastoma multiforme, astrocytoma, brainstem glioma, ependymoma, and oligodendroglioma. Furthermore, meningioma and vestibular schwannomas. Other conditions neuro-oncologist can treat are central nervous system lymphoma, metastic disease to the spine

Glioblastoma Multiforme is a highly malignant, fast growing cancer that affects the surrounding brain tissue. Brittany Maynard was 29 years old when she died, on November 1, 2014. Maynard was diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme on January 1,2014. After many tests, the doctors told her she had six months to live. She then moved from California to Oregon for that state’s Death With Dignity Act. The right-to-die law should be in every state because a person should have the right to make the decision to end his or her’s own life.

Like others, glioblastomas can develop either de novo as primary GBM or through the progression of lower grade astrocytoma (secondary GBM) (Peiffer & Kleihues, 1999). With about 90 %, primary GBM account for the vast majority. The two types are hardly distinguishable from a histological point of view, but show differences concerning their genetic and epigenetic profiles. With regard to this, primary glioblastomas are characterized by EGFR amplification and PTEN mutations whereas secondary GBM show genetic alterations in TP53 for instance (Ohgaki & Kleihues, 2007, 2013). In addition, mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 are claimed to be frequent in secondary glioblastoma, thus used to be a genetic marker for these (Ohgaki & Kleihues, 2013). Furthermore GBM can also be classified into four different subtypes on the basis of gene expression. These include the classical, mesenchymal, neural and proneural

In recent years, treatment options for advanced solid tumors have significantly advanced.1,2 Patients now routinely have their tumors genotyped in order to identify genomic markers that can allow their treatment to be personalized with targeted therapies that are less toxic and more effective. Prior studies have found that up to 64% of patients have these oncogenic drivers, and patients with these drivers in their tumors live longer when they are treated with targeted therapy.1 The Profile project was launched at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital in 2011 as the platform for Precision Medicine. Profile provides detailed testing on tissue samples obtained during the course of clinical care for a panel of genetic

Grade four glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of malignant brain tumor. It is caused by a chromosome defect and specific gene mutation that leads to uncontrolled growth of certain brain cells. (Foundation, 2017) GBM begins in the brain and is the most aggressive type of cancer. The cancer usually reoccurs even with maximum treatment. Grade four glioblastoma multiforme survival rate following the diagnosis is in a 12-15 month range. Most people don’t survive longer than five years after diagnosis; even with treatment. Without treatment, survival is typically 3 months. (Foundation, 2017) Symptoms of GBM are severe. Symptoms of the disease hemiparesis, nausea, vomiting, headache, memory loss, and seizures. The most dominant symptoms are progressive memory, personality, or neurological deficit, due to temporal and frontal lobe involvement. With GBM the symptoms will vary depending on the location of the tumor, and its pathological properties. (Foundation, 2017)

Brain cancer is a disease of the brain in which cancer cells appear in the brain tissue. When these cancer cells form a tumor it can interfere with important functions of the brain such as memory and control of muscles. According to the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society, brain cancer occurs uncommonly and will develop in approximately 22,850 people per year, with and estimate of 15,320 deaths.

Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer where neuroblasts, which are a type of nerve cell, fail to mature and become Neuroblastomas, which can be cancerous. Susceptibility to Neuroblastoma can be inherited through your parents and through the PHOX2B gene. Although, there are suspicions that the ALK gene might contribute to the disorder as well as the PHOX2B gene, but scientists are still not sure.

The interpretation factor Myc is an essential downstream focus of Ras-ERK flagging and numerous different pathways. It is much of the time opened up or overexpressed in malignancy; strangely, Myc can tie to promoter areas of qualities as well as upgrade transcriptional extension of polymerase II, in this manner expanding its belongings past qualities with Myc-restricting destinations in their promoters. Myc can fill in as an all inclusive intensifier of communicated qualities as opposed to simply authoritative to promoters and starting interpretation (Sever and Brugge, 2015). Development factor and cytokine flagging can impact the improvement of a few malignancy sorts. One of the key players in the improvement of tumor is Janus kinas (JAK) flag

Chondroblastoma, also known as Codman’s tumor, is a rare benign bone tumor that accounts for one percent of all primary bone tumors (Chen & DiFrancesco, 2017). It is predominate in men, with a 2:1 ratio, and the targeted age is broad. The age range for chondroblastoma is between 2 to 83 years, but the average age range, when it is diagnosed, is between 19 to 23 years (Chen & DiFrancesco, 2017). Histologically, the tumor is caused by proliferation of the chondroblasts and other components, such as mature cartilage, calcification, giant cells, and formation of aneurysmal bone cysts (De Mattos, Angsanuntsukh, Arkader & Dormans, 2013).The tumor is usually seen in the epiphysis, or apophysis, and metaphysis of long bones.

Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer. Cancer is when cells grow out of control, join together, and form a tumor. Neuroblastoma tumors start in cells in the nerves. The cancer can then spread to other parts of the body. Most often, tumors are found in the abdomen, the glands that make hormones, and on top of the kidneys (adrenal glands).

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults (1).Currently,Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM, also called grade IV astrocytoma)is the most malignant class of glioma, characterized by remarkable aggressiveness (2). GBM comprises accounts for 15% of all intracranial tumors in adults ages 40–75 (3). Despite multidisciplinary cooperation including surgical techniques, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis of GBM remains gloomy as the median survival time for patients with GBM is less than 15 months after diagnosis (4, 5).

Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor, and glioblastoma accounts for 82% of cases of malignant glioma. Glioblastomas arise from glial precursor cells and are characterized histologically by considerable cellularity, mitotic activity, vascular proliferation, and necrosis. They are highly invasive, infiltrating surrounding brain tissues, yet they are typically confined to the central nervous system and do not metastasize.1 From a molecular standpoint, malignant glioblastomas are heterogeneous tumors, and genome studies have demonstrated four transcriptional subclasses. These four classes display features of distinct cell types: classical, mesenchymal, proneural, and neural.1 Patients with glioblastoma experience a wide variety of complications from both the disease and drug therapies. Current standard therapies for glioblastoma are maximal safe surgical resection followed by temozolomide and radiotherapy. With these therapies the median patient survival is less than 2 years due to common tumor recurrence.2 However, new therapies such as targeted vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, carmustine wafers, and gene therapies are promising in prolonging survival and delaying progression of the disease.