Neuroblastoma Research Paper

A person has a 0.55–0.7% chance of developing any type of brain tumor in their lifetime (Mohammadi and Schroeder 1). A brain tumor is a mass of abnormal cells located somewhere in the brain. Brain tumors can be caused by many different disorders including Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). Some tumors caused by this disorder are inoperable. Inoperable brain tumors can now be treated using new advanced technology. Technological advances provide new hope for patients who have inoperable brain tumors and TSC.

When a tumor is developed on the brain, it is called a brain tumor or brain cancer. Brain tumors can be

In a recent issue of Science Translational Medicine, researchers at Johns Hopkins University have described how to combine two forms of cancer treatment, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, to improve the outcome of glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer. In experiments on mice, the researchers showed that chemotherapy delivered locally to the brain rather than systemically can preserve the strength of the immune system and allow for the use of immunotherapy.

Glioblastoma (pronounced like gleO blastoma) is an incurable brain cancer,Survival rate is usually measured in months.This became a word that was instantly defined, researched, dissected, feared, and tried to comprehend and understand by family,friends and acquaintances of Larry McKee (McKee)who was personally affected from this single word, it was quickly added to their vocabulary, because of the of the events that transpired on October 22, 2011 that forever changed lives “Glioblastomas are tumors that arise from the astrocytes- the star-shaped cells that make up the “glue-like,” or supportive tissue of the brain. These tumors are usually highly malignant (cancerous) because the cells reproduce quickly and they are supported by a large network of blood vessels.”(A.B.T A..) He was diagnosed with stage four.

The primary ones include these types. Gliomas, the most common brain tumor involving the brain tissue. There are different grades and even types of gliomas. But if the tumor grade is higher, it will probably grow faster. Medullblastomas are brain tumors that in young children. Without treatment it will spread rapidly into the spinal fluid and other parts of the brain. But almost or half of the brain tumors found are benign. These types of brain tumors are usually Meningiomas and Neuromas. Meningiomas begin in the tissue membranes. Neuromas are in the nerves mostly in people over

     Several tests can be run once symptoms are noticed to earmark the disease with a proper diagnosis. Some of the tests include; a biopsy of the tumor, X-rays, a CT scan, a skeletal survey, bone scans or bone marrow aspiration (fluid sample) and biopsy (tissue sample). Once diagnosed, the treatments begin to hinder any advancement the cancer would or could make. Possibly removing the cancer completely through surgery is a possibility, while others include chemotherapy, radiation treatment, and bone marrow transplantation. Many times these treatments can be used concurrently with one another.

Tumors can be classified into three types: 1) benign 2) pre malignant 3) malignant tumor. Benign tumors are those which are incapable of abrupt expanding and affecting the other healthy brain tissues. Premalignant tumor is a pre cancerous stage, if not treated properly it may lead to cancers. It is often considered as a disease. Malignant tumor grows rapidly with time an ultimately leads to death of patient. Malignant is a medical term describing a sever growth of a disease. The most common primary brain Tumors are gliomas, wherein 70% are in the group of malignant gliomas, glioblastoma multiform (GBM).The GBM is one of the highest malignant human

Biopsy of the tumor. This is when a sample of the tumor is removed with a needle and studied.

American Cancer Society says, “The term neuro refers to nerves, while blastoma refers to a cancer that affects immature or developing cells.” It is usually found in the small glands on top of the kidneys. The glands are called adrenal glands. Places where it can develop are the belly, chest, neck, pelvis, and bones. Possible symptoms can include fatigue (a feeling of tiredness or exhaustion or a need to rest because of lack of energy or strength), loss of appetite, and fever. Mayo Clinic says, “There may be a lump or compression of tissues in the affected area.” Treatments for the cancer include surgery or chemotherapy. For smaller tumors that have not spread, surgery is usually the only treatment needed. American Cancer Society, “If the tumor is in the abdomen (belly), the surgeon may do the biopsy with the aid of a laparoscope. This is a long, thin tube with a tiny video camera on the end. It is put into the abdomen through a small incision to allow the surgeon to see inside. The surgeon then makes a second small incision to reach inside the abdomen with long, thin instruments and remove pieces of tumor.” Alex’s original tumor of Neuroblastoma was in her adrenal gland. They did a similar process to Alex for the surgery, except for that they had to make an incision near the kidney to remove the tumor from her

CNS tumors represent the second most frequent tumor of childhood and the most common pediatric solid tumor; approximately 2,200 patients under the age of 20 are diagnosed each year with invasive CNS tumors, and CNS tumors are the number one cause of death from childhood cancer. [1] Therapeutic strategies generally involve surgery as a primary intervention, but complete resection is often not possible due to tumor location. In such cases, adjunct therapies, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, may be required based on the tumor histology and presence of residual tumor. [2]

Neuroblastoma was Dr. Audrey Evan’s main point of medical research, which is one of the most common cancers in children and the most common in infancy. Neuroblastoma is a

A majority of these tumors arise from the adrenal gland. Signs and symptoms depend on the location of the tumor and the stage of the cancer. Supraorbital eccymhosis and periorbital edema can be a sign of distant metastasis. Vague symptoms of metastasis can include pallor, weakness, irritability, tachycardia and diaphoresis. Diagnostic evaluation can be completed by a CT of the abdomen, pelvis or chest to establish metastasis. Biopsies are completed on bone marrow. Neuroblastomas from the adrenal gland can excrete cathecholamines epinepherine and noreprinephines. Neuroblastomas are considered silent tumors and metastasis occurs in almost 70% before being noted. Staging involves many different levels from stage 1 to stage 4-s. Infants are considered cured when they do not have s&s after a year. Therapeutic management starts with staging. Purpose of surgery is removal of the tumor and biopsy. Radiotherapy is unsure to be helpful in infants and can cause more harm than good. Chemo is the treatment associated for infants. Nursing care includes the same things that are associated with other cancers for children. Evaluate the family d/t prognosis not being met with a high survival

The classic ES appears like that of a primitive, undifferentiated neoplasm morphologically. Histologically, there are small round blue cells in the form of monotonous sheets with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm (8). All the 24 cases in this review satiate these histologic criteria (Table 1). The tumor consists of extensive necrotic areas but viable tumor is usually preserved around blood vessels. Some tumor cells can also invade blood vessels. Some features are absent typically like nuclear atypia, palisading, and formation of rosettes (where the tumor cells are arranged in a circle about a central fibrillary space, indicative of neural differentiation or pseudo rosettes. The markers like P30/32MlC2 and at least two kinds of neuronal markers are the immunohistochemical criteria for the diagnosis of PNET. (12) Monoclonal antibodies like CD99, O13, HBA71, 12E7, RFB1 are also tested although none of them are actually specific for PNETs. (12) The neural markers like Neuron Specific Enolase(NSE), Chromogranin A(CgA), Synaptophysin(Syn) are usually positive but markers such as desmin, actin, S-100, insulin, glucagons, somatostatin are rarely

Neurofibromatosis is one genetic disorder that causes tumors to form on nerve tissues in the body. The most common places that they have formed are the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, but can be found anywhere in the nervous system. As neurofibromatosis is usually diagnosed during childhood or early adulthood, tumors usually are noncancerous, but over time can become cancerous. The symptoms are usually mild, but getting looked at right away to have a healthy growth and development will make everything go smoother. Since there are tumors pushing against nerves, surgery is usually the best fit in order to get rid of the tumor and to start living a healthy life (Mayo Clinic, 2016). This genetic disorder involves one in every 4000

When diagnosing bone cancer, a doctor must first complete some tests. According to a summary of tests and procedures by Medicine Net on line, a doctor will first ask about a patient’s personal and family medical history in order to find out if there is any history of cancer in the family. Next, the doctor will order blood tests and x-rays. The exact size, shape, and location of a bone tumor can be seen through an x-ray. Then, a CAT scan (Computed Axial Tomography) will be completed to show whether the cancer has begun to spread to other parts of the body. A CAT scan will give detailed pictures of the cross section of the body. There are also similar tests like an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and an Angiogram (x-ray of the arteries), but a biopsy is the ultimate test that will make sure that cancer is present in the body. After the victim was told that she had bone cancer, she experienced a biopsy in Seattle, Washington. The Medicine Net on line explained that during a biopsy, doctors test a sample of the bone tumor and determine through a microscope whether or not the tumor is cancerous. The many different tests of bone cancer are very critical to the outcome of the disease. The tests are used for staging the bone cancer. For example, if a patient of bone cancer had a CAT scan, and it showed that the bone cancer was not spreading, the doctors could stage the patient’s cancer as controlled.