Neuroendocrine Tumors

Brain cancer develops from cells within the brain. The brain controls the vital functions of the body, including, speech, movement, thoughts, feelings, memory, sight, hearing, and more. Brain cancer affects people in many different ways. Brain cancer is diagnosed at the local stage in 76.6% of people. The 5-year survival for localized brain and other nervous system cancer is 36.3%. Brain cancer will cause anything from headaches to balance and walking problems, changes in your vision, muscle twitches, memory problems, and nausea and vomiting.

*Endocrine glands produce – hormones, they work with other hormones to perform many functions including: control water & electrolyte balance, regulating carbohydrate metabolism, working as neurotransmitters, maintaining stress & inflammation, regulate reproductive functions

Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise from the extra-adrenal autonomic paraganglia, small organs consisting mainly of neuroendocrine cells that are derived from the embryonic neural crest and have the ability to secrete catecholamines (1). They are closely related to pheochromocytomas, which are sometimes referred to as intra-adrenal paragangliomas (2). The majority appear to be sporadic, but approximately one-third to one-half are associated with an inherited syndrome (3, 4). The four genetic syndromes that are associated are: multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A and 2B, neurofibromatosis type 1, von Hippel Lindau, and the Carney-Stratakis dyad. The male-to-female ratio is approximately equal among patients with hereditary paraganglioma,

Two pt verifier name/dob confirmed. Informed the pt this a f/u call to address s/p/ pituitary Adenoma. Pt states that is doing much better but he occasional have a headache and stuffy nose. Discuss dc instructions medication, and f/u appt with the pt. Discuss s/s that would warrant the pt to seek medical attention immediately. Encourage the pt f/u with his PCM. During conversation pt request refill on his Synthroid. Informed the pt a courtesy 90 day supply was ordered. Again recommend that he f/u with his provider. Pt refused appt at this time, but states that he will call CAMO to schedule an appt. Pt agrees and verbalized

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Carcinomas- glands, organs and tissues, arise from epithelial cell lining external and internal body surfaces; most common cancer

the American Cancer Society there are benign tumors, which are rare and often develop in

Follow up CT, MRI, or PET scans are employed to determine the size of the tumor, the extent of local invasion, and if distant metastasis has already occurred11. This is particularly important because, although all ATC cases are considered Stage IV cancers, the severity of metastasis dictates the course of treatment. Stage IVA cancers are limited to the thyroid and are often treated with surgical resection, if possible. This is followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy9,11. For most patients, however, the cancer is unresectable. As such, clinicians typically shift their focus towards a combination of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and palliative care to improve the quality of

PTTM is a highly fatal, rare complication from metastatic carcinoma. Von Herbay et al. first described the disease in 1990 after a review of 630 consecutive autopsy cases of carcinoma (8). Of the 21 cases, gastric carcinoma was the most prevalent. Although less prevalent, malignancies of lung, breast, prostate, and colon, among others were noted during the study (8). An antermortem diagnosis is challenging due to the rapidly progressive pulmonary hypertension and right-side heart failure. However, PTTM has pathological, radiological, and clinical characteristics that can help aid an antermortem diagnosis.

A brain tumor is a mass or development of irregular cells in your cerebrum or near your mind. There are different types of brain tumor exist which even are health hazardous. Essential brain tumors rise up out of the different cells that make up the cerebrum and focal sensory system and are named for the sort of cell in which they first shape. Gliomas and astrocytic tumors are the most common types of adult brain

Follicular tumors, on the other hand, grow only on one side of the gland. These tumors develop in the hormone-producing cells and account for 30% - 50% of all thyroid cancers (Thackery 1057). Medullary thyroid tumors account for 5% - 7% of all thyroid cancers, and are usually uncommon. Like papillary tumors, they grow on one or both sides of the gland. Anaplastic tumors, though extremely rare, develop on either side of the thyroid gland and spread rapidly to other parts of the body. It account for only 2% of all thyroid cancers but is the fastest growing, and most aggressive thyroid cancer type (Thackery 1057).

A majority of these tumors arise from the adrenal gland. Signs and symptoms depend on the location of the tumor and the stage of the cancer. Supraorbital eccymhosis and periorbital edema can be a sign of distant metastasis. Vague symptoms of metastasis can include pallor, weakness, irritability, tachycardia and diaphoresis. Diagnostic evaluation can be completed by a CT of the abdomen, pelvis or chest to establish metastasis. Biopsies are completed on bone marrow. Neuroblastomas from the adrenal gland can excrete cathecholamines epinepherine and noreprinephines. Neuroblastomas are considered silent tumors and metastasis occurs in almost 70% before being noted. Staging involves many different levels from stage 1 to stage 4-s. Infants are considered cured when they do not have s&s after a year. Therapeutic management starts with staging. Purpose of surgery is removal of the tumor and biopsy. Radiotherapy is unsure to be helpful in infants and can cause more harm than good. Chemo is the treatment associated for infants. Nursing care includes the same things that are associated with other cancers for children. Evaluate the family d/t prognosis not being met with a high survival

Sweat gland neoplasms are extremely rare neoplasms. They can be classified into benign and malignant variety. The benign variety have been sub divided into subtypes such as nodular, apocrine and clear cell based on their histo-pathological presentation. The malignant form or sweat gland carcinomas are those that possess an infiltrative and/or metastatic potential. They are generally classified into two groups. The first group comprises malignant tumours that closely mimic their benign counterparts while tumours in the second group do not have a benign counterpart1.

In spite of the fact that evidence indicates the abundance of tumor cells in the blood of patients with PC has prognostic value, and that CTC numbers can be used as a biomarker for diagnosis, staging of a PC before treatment, and can be prescient of response to therapy after treatment and, consequently, treatment results. These results must be considered with vigilance; however, because CTC numbers are highly variable between different CTC detection platforms, and are subject to favoritism relating to the variety of detection methods used. Thus, the quantity of CTCs that can be detected is therefore highly dependent on how the platform characterizes a cell as a CTC. Nevertheless, this impediment is likely to be overcome by consolidating different technologies to enhance analysis performance. Apart from difference in results between CTCs detection platforms, some other hypothesis has been postulated for reasons behind low CTCs in the PC 1. The blood flow in PC is notably compromised in contrast to that of the normal pancreas [193]. Thus, less number of CTCs shed into the circulation 2. The moderately low CTCs number reported in PC may be a consequence of CTCs sequestration by the liver as blood advances through the portal circulation into the systemic circulation [190,

Incidence of carcinoid tumor is between 55% and 30% in the digestive system and respiratory system. Most commonly carcinoid tumor are seen in the small intestine (45%) in digestive system. Frequency of carcinoid is followed as rectum (20%), appendix (17%),