Neutron Stars Research Paper

Main sequence star types include,red dwarves,yellow dwarves,blue giants,red giants,red supergiants.Stars spend most of their lives

There are billions upon billions of stars in our galaxy but only about 2000 of those are visible to us at night. Although there is one star that we are able to see during the day, but only because it is the closest one to earth, this star is the sun. Because the brightness of the sun is so vast we cannot see other stars, but when the sun sets we can see an abundance of celestial objects. The sun appears to be what some would call “the largest star” but it is only an average sized star, there are a countless more that are hundreds times the size of our sun. When we look up into the night sky and focus our eyes on what appears to be a star we often notice it twinkling, this is caused by turbulence in earth’s atmosphere. The atmosphere is like a lens and makes a boiling effect causing stars to look like they’re twinkling. Astronomers have discovered clusters of stars forming patterns, we call them constellations and there are roughly eighty-eight in our night sky. Stars can come in all kinds of different shapes sizes and distances, which causes some stars to appear closer than others. Bigger stars tend to shine more brightly than smaller stars. Even though a star seems bigger and brighter than the others doesn’t actually mean it is, it could just be a star closer to earth than most. The closest star to us is Alpha Centauri and is approximately four light years from earth meaning it takes four years for the light from Alpha Centauri to reach

As this slow contraction continues, the core temperature, density, and pressure of the star continues to increase. As the star shrinks it becomes so dense that it starts to compress helium. This results in the star to swell due to the hot core and leaving a relatively cool surface. Eventually the outer layers of the star expand outwards, increasing the size of the star. As the layers continue to expand, the surface temperature continues to cool, forming a relatively large star called a red giant.

Comparing red giants to the sun, they are about 1000 times larger. Compared to the sun’s temperature, a red giants temperature is about half as much. This is because the same amount of energy has to be spread out across a much more massive star causing it to be cooler than it was before. The name red giant was given to these stars because the change in temperature causes the star to shine in the redder part of the spectrum. Stars can spend anywhere between 1000 years and one billion years in the red giant phase. After a certain amount of time, the helium finally runs out and fusion stops. Since there is no more helium, gravity pushes the star inward. The stars outer atmosphere is then blown out into huge clouds of gas and dust which is known as planetary nebulae. These clouds of gas and dust are then made to make new stars. As for the core of the star, it is still there. The star is now a white dwarf. White dwarf stars occur when the red giant loses its outer atmosphere. White dwarf stars are extremely hot because they are composed of only the core of the star which is the hottest

The Low mass stars spend there main life as a fusion machine which turns hydrogen into helium and a very slow and methodical pace. When the energy released by this fusion reaches the surface it is released into space and this is the star luminosity. Over a long, long time sometimes billions of years a low mass star consumes the hydrogen in its core and converts it to helium, at which point the core starts to contract and shrink. Once all of the hydrogen inside the stars core begins to become totally exhausted, the core pressure gives way to the crush of gravity because it has no more fusion occurring in its core at that time. As the core shrinks rapidly and the outer layers start to expand the stars shape begins to grow in size and its luminosity becomes extraordinary brighter due to the outer shell starting to produce fusion more rapidly then the core did during the main sequence life of the star. As this situation grows more rapidly and extreme the core starts to rapidly burn again and fuse its core helium into carbon. Then just before its final death the star ejects its outer layers into space. This leaves only the degenerate carbon core and since this core is still very hot it emits intensely powerful ultraviolet radiation and glows brightly in what is known as a planetary nebula. The nebula fades and cools over around a million or so years and we are left with a white dwarf cooling indefinitely till

Astronomers think they are related to neutron stars because they are the leftovers in a way of massive stars, the remains even though they are highly magnetic and can move and orbit at very high speeds. With a pulsars life, birth, and death being very similar to how a neutron star is, we can begin to see why.

What is left after the huge explosion is another dwarf star, a neutron star, or the fierce black hole. A neutron star is about the size of a city like Los Angeles, but has the mass of about two suns. This means it is incredibly dense and has an unbelievable gravitational pull, almost 2 billion times that on earth. In fact, this pull is so strong that it bends radiation and allows astronomers to see the back of the star. They also spin up to 48 thousand times per minute due to the energy from the supernova.

It is a large bright star with a cool surface. Just like the Sun, it eventually runs out of hydrogen fuel at its center. Red Giants have a diameter of about 10 to 100 times the size of the Sun. The reason for why the Red Giants are so bright is because of its size, although there surface temperature is less hot than the Sun’s. If you were to measure the temperature, it would be about 2000 to 3000oC. Red Giants, very large stars, are also often called SuperGiants. These stars sometimes have diameter of up to 1000 times the size of the Sun, also having more than 1 000 000 times the luminosities of the Sun (Life cycle). These stars live for only a few thousand years to 1 billion years. Eventually the helium in the core runs out and fusion stops. The star shrinks until a new helium shell reaches the

When we think of stars, we often think that they are all the same. We often think that they are all just big balls of gas burning up to billions of light years away. However, that isn't exactly true. The truth is that stars are very diverse. Just like anything else in our Universe, stars fall into many different classifications based on its defining characteristics. In this essay I will discuss several different types of stars.

There are two different life cycles for stars but they both start out as a 'Stellar Nebula'. It then splits off in to separate stars the Low Mass and The High Mass stars..

Then, overtime the giants gasses drift away from the core then the gasses appear as a cloud around a dying sunlike star. When the clouds disperse, gravity causes the remaining matter in the core to collapse inward. The core becomes denser and very hot, then the star becomes a white dwarf. A white dwarf is the hot, dense core of matter that remains from the collapse of a low mass

Similar to white dwarfs, neutron stars formed when the original star cannot support themselves against gravitational collapse by generating thermal pressure. They are born from once large stars that grew to be four to eight times the size of our sun before exploding. After the explosion, the only part of the star that remains is its core, but it no longer produces nuclear fusion. The neutron star density causes protons and elections to combine into neutrons, which is how the star got its name. Neutron stars rotate in space when they are formed but as they compress and shrink, the speed of rotation increases. A form of neutron stars are called pulsars. Most neutron stars gradually slow down over time, but the ones that remain spinning emit radiation that cause the star to appear

When the core of a massive star experiences a huge gravitational collapse, the end of its life only starts another’s. During this process, protons and electrons are packed together so tightly, that they leave behind a neutron star. These stars and many others form in a variety of ways. In order for the neutron star to form, neutron degeneracy must halt the collapse. Although this is true for many stellar masses, those less than about 1.44 solar masses form white dwarfs when the collapse is ceased by electron degeneracy. Despite the name, brown dwarfs are not very similar to white dwarfs. Each form very differently, for a brown dwarf is considered a “failed” star to many scientists. Brown dwarfs are both smaller than stars and larger than planets as large as those like Jupiter. Therefore, the insufficient mass in the “star” is not able to

While the vast majority are of similar class to our sun and bright yellow and white in colour there are also signs of red giants reaching the end of their lives, as well as many small white dwarfs. Perhaps the more puzzling stars are the bright ‘blue stragglers’ (as depicted in the famous Hertzsprung-Russell diagram), as these stars should have expired long ago in explosions called supernova. It has been suggested by astronomers that these stars may be the merging occurring in such a crowded neighbourhood between lower mass

Main sequence stars like our own sun enduring in a state of nuclear fusion during which they will produce energy for billions of years by replacing hydrogen to helium. Stars change over billions of years. When their main sequence phase ends they pass through other states of existence according to their size and other characteristics. The larger a star's mass, the shorter its lifespan is. As stars move toward the end of their lives, much of their hydrogen will be converted to helium. Helium sinks to the star's core and raises the star's temperature—causing its outer shell to expand. These large, puffy stars are known as Red Giants. The red giant phase is actually a prelude to a star shedding its outer layers and becoming a small, dense body called a White Dwarf. White dwarfs cool down for billions and billions of years, until they finally go dark and produce no energy at all. Once this happens, scientists have yet to observe, such stars become known as Black Dwarfs. A few stars avoid this evolutionary path and instead go out with a bang, exploding as Supernovae. These violent explosions leave behind a small core that will then turn into something called a Neutron Star or even, if the remainder is large enough, it is then turned into something called a Black Hole.