Neveran Protozoan ( Np )

About 1,500 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States annually, mostly in returned travelers” (Global Health - Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). Malaria risk is not distributed homogeneously throughout all countries. Some destinations have malaria transmission occurring throughout the whole country, while in others it occurs in defined pockets so the traveler should be weary of areas whose climate is conducive to mosquitoes.

Malaria infection is caused by parasitic protozoan plasmodium. Several species of malaria parasites exist but the most fatal known is plasmodium falciparum. It enters the liver and replicates itself by getting into the red blood cell and ripping its way out when fully matured. It was once thought that the US military got close to completely eradicating the vector mosquito through DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and the parasitic plasmodium with vaccines until they discovered that both are capable of mutating and gained the ability to be resistant to any chemicals scientists could produce (Horizon, 2005).

Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite. It is unique of the class of Plasmodium that is the foundation and cause malaria in individuals. There are other Plasmodium species that can cause malaria in humans. Nevertheless P. falciparum is the most common, virulent, and deadly. P. falciparum communicable by the female Anopheles mosquito.

Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases

Background - Malaria is a water borne disease. It is spread by a parasite-carrying mosquito. It kills many people and reduces a country 's capacity to develop. There are different strategies to combat malaria. Around half the population is at risk of malaria and this disease is active in 106 counties across Africa, Asian and the Americas (see source 3). the global annual mortality from malaria is between 1.5 - 3 million deaths, or between 4000 and 8000 each day. Developing countries are most vulnerable to Malaria and as shown on source 2 Malaria has been spread across many various other countries including in Europe, but these countries have eradicated Malaria.

This article is a review on the introduction and spread of a mosquito-borne disease. It mentions that the WNV is transmitted by mosquitoes causing fever and encephalitis in humans, equines, and occasionally wild birds. It talks about the lineage 1 that has been responsible for repeated diseases outbreaks in the countries of the Mediterranean for more than 50 years. This same lineage was also introduced to North America in 1999. The also discuss of a second lineage with was the first WNV lineage to be isolated and was believed to be restricted to sub-Saharan Africa. This article reviews the emergence of the WNV lineage 2 in Europe. It looks into the pathways for the virus to spread and the public health implication for the continent. The article mentions about the diseases caused by the WNV lineage 2 in Europe and it compares phylogenetic comparison with emerging viruses.

Annually, 200 million malaria cases are contracted and of these, 90% occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Approximately one million people die annually, making plasmodium falciparum the most deadly parasitic disease. Contraction of plasmodium falciparum begins when a female Anopheles mosquito injects sporozoites, an early form of plasmodium falciparum, into the host. This sporozite is then transported to the human liver where it undergoes asexual reproduction producing merozoites. The merozoites invade other liver cells and enter the host’s bloodstream, where they invade erythrocyte. After the infection of the erythrocyte, the merozoite is transformed into a trophozoite, which then begins asexual reproduction near the nucleus to form a schizont in the erythrocytic cell. The schizont then asexually reproduces to produce mononucleated merozoites. When the erythrocytic cell ruptures due to the 3,000-4,000 merozoites produced, symptoms of fever and chills are induced within the host. This life cycle is extremely damaging to children; persons under the age of 5 account for 86% of malaria fatalities. Malaria has other characteristic effects, such as yellowing of the skin/eyes (jaundice), sweating, vomiting, weakness, and nausea. Current mortality rates in Africa are 9.33% per 1000 children, which represent 28.2% of all fatalities for those under five. The story changes dramatically as the host

Plasmodium a single-cell parasitic protozoa is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected female Anopheles species mosquitoes. This can lead to potentially fatal parasites, rapidly multiplying in the liver attacking red blood cells resulting in symptoms arising from cycles of fevers, chills, severe headaches, vomiting, jaundice and diarrhoea. One major disastrous symptom includes sweats accompanied by anaemia, cause damages to vital organs and interruption of blood supply to the brain, which could result in incurable illness leading to fatal death. In very severe cases it can cause seizures, comas or even death. Symptoms usually present between ten to fifteen days after the initial infection. Unlike other diseases, Malaria can represent in people months or even years later. Death rate is approximately 1%-5% due to the spread of Malaria in Afghanistan, affecting each and everyone.

Mosquitoes can transmit a bigger number of illnesses than other variants of arthropods and have an impact on a large number of human population all throughout the world. WHO has declared that mosquitoes are the “public enemy number one” (Geneva, 1996).

Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes infected with parasitic protozoans(group of single-celled microorganism and belong to the Plasmodium genus)

Malaria claims more lives than any other communicable disease except tuberculosis. Over 200 million cases worldwide are reported each year. According to the World Health Organization Research, Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the parasite plasmodium (WHO, 2011). It is a life-threatening disease transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Unfortunately, an estimated death toll of 1 million African children is reported. Thus this paper will aim to further define this condition while describing clinical manifestations and preventive

While malaria infection is reduced by the relative inefficiency of Germany’s disease vectors, the precise opposite is true in Italy, especially in the coastal regions and in the south. In these areas, A. atroparvus gave way to two more dangerous Anopheles strains, A. sacharovi and A. labranchiae. Before A. sacharovi was driven out of Italy in the 20th century by anti-mosquito campaigns, it was endemic to both Sicily and the east coast of Italy, where its range stretched all the way to the mouth of the Po River delta. Unlike A. atroparvus, A. sacharovi is highly anthropophilic, meaning prefers human blood meals if available, and is thus a far more efficient malaria vector. The same is true for A. labranchiae, an aggressive biter of human beings,

Animal species: Mosquitoes are a slender long-legged fly with aquatic larvae. The bite of the bloodsucking female can transmit a number of serious diseases including malaria and elephantiasis. More specifically in this case study of natural slection, both the Anopheles gamblae and the Anopheles stephensi are the main vector of malaria in India (Anopheles stephensi) and Africa (Anopheles gamblae).

Malaria. Our 130 million year old enemy. Malaria has been around since the dawn of time and just like the evolution of humans, the disease evolved over time (Malaria.com, 2011). Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by a specific parasite called Plasmodium, and it is transmitted to people through the bites of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium is a unique parasite because of its structure-it is a single celled organism that multiples in our red blood cells (Canada.com, 2016). The Plasmodium parasite has 4 species which are known to cause the disease in humans, these being: P. Vivax, P. Falciparum, P. Ovale, and P. Malariae. Specifically, P. Vivax, and P. Falciparum are the 2 most common types of parasites to cause the

There are four species in the Plasmodium Genus that affect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. What people did not know then, was how the protozoan got from