New York And High Prevalence Of Tb

TB is still proven to be a top killer around the world, and with more cases of drug resistant TB being reported daily, the cost of treating and preventing this disease will continue to be on the rise.

The CDC website provides ample educational information regarding tuberculosis. It gives a detail description of what Tuberculosis is, the testing used and how it works. The website also addresses the risk factors of tuberculosis and warns that traveling to countries such as Africa, Asia and Central America puts them in a higher risk of contracting TB. In addition, it provides people with preventive measures to avoid being infected. They advise against close proximity with infected, and to be cautious around people working in health care facilities, prisons, shelter or an over populate area and advise to refrain from consuming unpasteurized milk products. In addition, the Website provides Data and Statistics, which can help support previous

Tuberculosis is a deadly disease that is now affecting our world and the people living in it in a horrible way. Due to many factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, and lack of health care, many third world and developing countries have been left very vulnerable to tuberculosis. It is affecting a large part of these countries and is leading them deeper into poverty and sickness. The effort to help these countries against tuberculosis has only been slightly effective against this widespread and destructive disease.

The search results on the Healthy People 2020 tracker for “target not met” in Yuma County, revealed tuberculosis as a current health concern that has not been resolved within this region (Arizona Health Matters, 2016). Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease that affects the lungs and other parts of the body, which can be spread through the air by coughing, sneezing and prolonged exposure to an individual with active TB, thus indicating the importance of this communicable diseases prevention (Yuma County Health Department, 2016). Currently, “The Healthy People 2020 national health target is to reduce the

Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These bacteria spread through the air, most often affecting the lungs. Factors that predispose one to develop tuberculosis include malnourishment, overcrowding of public areas, homelessness, and substance abuse, affecting about 300 people in Toronto every year (City of Toronto, n.d.). Hence, the City of Toronto initiated a TB care and prevention program to provide support for those infected with tuberculosis as well as helping to decrease the spread of TB. Nightingale’s tenets of ventilation, cleanliness, light, and nutrition all become apparent within this program as there are standard minimum guidelines for the treatment of those who are institutionalized. These standards include

Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

Now, we will see what the most optimal solution to this recent problem in the classic epidemiological way, by understanding the history of TB, the drug-resistant strain’s origin, and recent cases of the disease.

A resolution was introduced by the Minister of Health ”Through this Framework, the federal government will focus its efforts on reducing the burden of tuberculosis within those populations by: Optimizing and enhancing current efforts to prevent and control active tuberculosis disease, facilitating the identification and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection for those at high risk of developing active tuberculosis disease, and championing collaborative action to address the underlying risk factors for tuberculosis.” (The Honourable Rona Ambrose, P.C., M.P Minister of Health). In 2004, total tuberculosis-related expenditures in Canada were estimated at $74 million dollars, with the average cost of treating a case of active tuberculosis being approximately $47 thousand dollars. Treatment for latent TB infection, on the other hand, is estimated to be less than $1000 per

Little was known about treatment and prevention of the disease at that time. It was not until 1953 that the United States began collecting data and reports on the 84,304 new cases of TB. This data could be used in research. TB was recognized as a preventable deadly disease, and a common goal to eradicate TB was adopted. Over the next 32 years, the new TB cases dropped 74%. By 1985, there were only 22,201 TB cases. History notes that law makers and public health officials became complacent and thought they had found the solution for eradicating TB. Resources for TB surveillance, prevention, and treatment options were reduced, while homeless numbers increased. This changed history as from 1985 to 1992 TB rates started to increase. Data collected from demographic regions and surveillance records show TB cases rose by 20% in those seven years to equal new 26,673 cases, and the estimated number of TB cases (old and new cases together) during that time was more than 64,000 cases. This was the last recorded peek in TB history. Since 1992, there has been a decrease of 67% in all TB cases. Studies reflect this decrease from 10.5 to 3.4 per 100,000 persons. Much credit for this continued decline is attributed to state and federal aid in addition to the state and local programs aimed at fighting TB and the helping the homeless population. Continued public education, proactive surveillance,

Tuberculosis, a sometimes crippling and deadly disease, is on the rise and is revisiting both the developed and developing world. The global epidemic is growing and becoming more dangerous. The breakdown in health services, the spread of HIV/AIDS and the emergence of multi drug-resistant TB are contributing to the worsening impact of this disease. Overall, one-third of the world 's population is currently

Tuberculosis (TB) is a very prevalent, very contagious, and very deadly disease worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control, one third of the population is infected with TB. (Centers for Disease Control Data and statistics) While less common than it has ever been, tuberculosis has seen an upsurge in the last three decades directly related to the AIDS epidemic, but also as a result of the development of many multi-drug-resistant strains. This is of particular concern in developing nations hit hard by AIDS infections, but it is also evidenced in an upswing in the United States. (Nester, Anderson and Roberts)

This paper will address the description of Tuberculosis (TB), a communicable disease, the determinants of health and how these factors contribute to the development of this disease, the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to Tuberculosis, the role of the community health nurse and how one national agency contributes to resolving or reducing the impact of this disease.

To control the tuberculosis epidemic, the first step is to implement the DOTS strategy. This strategy is central to the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) policy for tuberculosis control. (21)

There were 8.6million people suffering from TB in the world, where 1.1million were people living with HIV. In 2012 TB accounted for 1.3million deaths where 50% of patients who died were HIV positive women. TB is the top killer of women of reproductive age (Organisation, 2014). Global statistics showed 45% decrease in TB mortality since 1990. The world is likely to reach the MDG target of 50% by 2015 (Ravinglione M, 2006). The report paints a good picture about TB management in the world whereas the reality is that more people are reported to have died of TB when the disease is curable. The number of people diagnosed with MDR in the world doubled between 2011& 2012 with the introduction

India, the second most populous country with over 1.31 billion people, has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world, accounting for 20% of the global incidence of TB, and an even higher share of global incidence of multi–drug resistant (MDR) TB. With an estimated 2 million new cases of TB and 5, 00,000 TB-related deaths in India annually, those who got diagnosed with different forms of DR-TB were 35,385 cases but only 20,753 people started on multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment in 2013. The National Tuberculosis Program was launched in 1962, but suffered heavily continuing TB led mortality. Acknowledging this reality, a Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was launched by the Government of India in 1997, however even today it does not comply with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.