Nicotine Yesterday, Today, And Tomorrow : A Global Review By Nigel J. Gary

Tobacco was in crude form since the early 1600s, and was mainly used for pipe-smoking ,chewing tobacco and snuff. In the early 1800s, is when cigarettes began to become widely popular in the United States. The fact that tobacco was bad for human health was not known around the time European had proscribed it to the Native Americans. At this time the physicians thought it would be an effective medicine. Around the 20th century is when they found that smoking can cause extreme health effects. In the 1930 is when a researcher in Cologne, Germany made the connection between smoking and the causation of cancer. A Doctor by the name of Raymond Pearl reported that people who smoke do not live as long as individuals who do not smoke. In 1944, the

Active smoking and disease relationship was first studied as case-control studies in Germany during 1939 and 1943which revealed a strong association between active smoking and lung cancer [1]. After that large number of studies were conducted which established relationship of tobacco smoke with

When information was released to the public in 1939, tobacco companies found ways to discredit, and silence the public concern. In fact, previous to this tobacco manufacturers claimed an increase in health and medicinal properties for tobacco products. With the formation of the Council for Tobacco Research, in 1954, a direct link was sought between smoking and health related problems. Upon the finding of such evidence major cigarette manufacturers unite.

The first review was from an article in The New England Journal of Medicine called: “Smoking and Mortality — Beyond Established Causes” written by several physicians. (Carter, 2015) It explains how the mortality rates are higher among recent smokers than people who have never smoked. This seems to be attributed to the 21 common diseases that maybe caused by cigarette smoking. Data was collected from group studies in the United States that followed smokers and non-smokers between 2000 and 2011. A study that included men and women who were age 55 or older. As a result, they found that the participant’s mortality rates were higher due to diseases that had not been formally recognized as being triggered by cigarette smoking.

Nicotine is a poisonous substance in tobacco that makes it difficult for people to stop smoking cigarettes. A good amount of youth today are starting to use this product based on advertisement or the pressure to fit in. For example, nicotine companies are making commercials, using social media and making candy versions of this product in order to attract attention especially from teens. Advertisements and new products are things that companies use to become popular. If teens try it and enjoy it he/she will keep doing it. That’s why tobacco companies are targeting the youth, to make them become addicted and this way they make money.

Tobacco is the leading cause of death in the United States. Studies record that 480,000 deaths from smoking cigarettes including second hand smoke. Men has 278,544 deaths annually including second hand smoke, and women have 201,773 deaths accoriding to the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention.) Although some smokers still live, they suffer from cancers, and circulatory and respiratory system disease, and many more harmful effects of smoking cigarettres and other tobacco related products.According to Dr. Robert N Procter “The cigarette is the deadliest artefact in the history of human civilisation.”Smokers are aware of the constent damages of smoking due to advertisements, warning labels, and much more, but are addicted to the nicotine. The (FDA) Food and Drug Administration declared nicotine, the main chemical in cigarettes,

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2016), Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Furthermore, the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products contributes to the death of 1 out of every five deaths in the United States. Moreover, I believe that the potential impact of shorting an individual’s life by allowing the tobacco industry to provide a message that seeks to promote the use of this deadly product.

“Regardless of decades of research and numerous clinical trials, there has been minimal improvement in the cancer mortality rates; however there has been a reduction in death due to lung cancer this is as a result of reduced smoking

The November 1956 edition of the British Medical Journal published Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death in Relation to Smoking: a Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors. Doll and Hill’s first study was limited due to the small number of deaths that occurred during the follow-up period (n=36). By 1956, an additional 82 deaths had occurred which were attributed to lung cancer. With an additional two years of data, Doll and Hill were interested in rate-ratio of lung cancer associated with smoking, as well as any other associations that might be observed. Doll and Hill found that the rate of death of lung cancer non-smokers was about 0.07 per 1000, compared to the lung cancer death rate in heavy smokers of 1.66 per 1000. These death rates showed that heavy smokers were more than 20 times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers, an enormous rate-ratio that was not fully appreciated at the time (p-value < 0.01), and that the ex-smokers received additional protection from lung cancer mortality compared to current smokers (p-value <0.02). Doll and Hill also noted that smokers were 6 times more likely to have been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis compare to non-smokers. At the conclusion of their study, Doll and Hill reported that in their cohort of physicians there was a strong association between lung cancer mortality and smoking

Next we discussed tobacco use, and cancer. Lastly, we discussed tobacco use, and COPD. So, how dose tobacco use contribute to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic obstructive lung disease. For CVD it was the increase of the tendency to blood clot, among other factors. For cancer it was the carcinogens found in tobacco products. Lastly, for COPD it was the chemicals in tobacco that destroyed the air sac dividers, and the pollutions that built up the mucus in the airways. Knowing what you now know would you willingly use a tobacco product, I know I

Cigarette smoking increased during the 1950’s. During that time, Lung cancer became common more and more. Hammond and Horn convinced people with their

Tobacco can cause nearly 6 millions deaths per year. If the current trends stay the same there will be nearly 8 million deaths per year by 2030. If smoking continues in Americans younger than 18, around 5.6 million of America’s youth are expected to die prematurely from smoking. Life expectancy for smokers is at 10 years shorter than for nonsmokers. Quitting smoking before the age of 40 reduces the risk of dying from smoking related disease by about 90 percent. The younger a person is when they start smoking, the more likely they are to smoke for longer and to die earlier than people who do not smoke. The difference between morality and rates for both current smokers or former smokers and never smokers measures the avoidable increase related to cigarette smoking exposure. The number of premature deaths is the product of this difference and corresponding number of current or former

In the 1950s Doll and Hill in England and Cuyler Hammond and Ernest Wynder in the U.S. provided further evidence for a causal association between smoking and lung cancer. Yet, it took a long time until the truth was fully accepted. Smokers, including many physicians, who enjoyed cigarettes could or would not want to imagine or refused to believe that the habit (addiction would be more appropriate) was detrimental to their health. In this context it is interesting to note that 2 personalities who helped like few others to make us aware that chemicals in the environment could cause cancer, strangely failed to grasp the impact of smoking. Wilhelm C. Hueper started out as a physician in industry. By repeatedly and doggedly pointing out possible links between exposure to chemicals in manufacturing processes and the increased incidence of cancer in workers he became unpopular with management, to the extent that on some occasions he was barred from presenting or discussing his findings and conclusions. And yet he maintained that smoking was not a factor in the etiology of lung cancer in humans. Rachel Carson, who in her Silent Spring warned of impending disaster of cancer caused by environmental chemicals never mentions tobacco smoke. Since then, tobacco smoke has become not only the most important carcinogen in our environment, but probably also the only one where we could accomplish—and in many places actually already have

Since around the 1950's-60's, smoking has been a target of attack for the scientific community and rightly so. Smoking, as well as other forms of tobacco use, has been proven to be linked with serious health problems and diseases such as lung cancer and emphysema. Research

Nicotine use is a leading preventable cause of death in the world, directly and indirectly responsible for 440,000 deaths per year. The health problems that result in tobacco use tally an annual of $75 billion in direct medical costs (Slovic 36). That money spent on medical problems for smokers should be used to pay for more important things in our society such as schools, libraries, childcare, etc.