Nifurtimox

In most cases the reactions are mild and if they do occur then first-hand you should consult the medicine box/bottle/DOMAR where it will state any possible side effects on the leaflet or possibly on the main label ir you see on some pain medication ‘’Caution-May make sleepy do not operate heavy machinery’’ etc.

Possible side effects: “dry mouth, sedation, blurred vision (disturbance of accommodation, increased intra-ocular pressure), constipation, nausea, difficulty with micturition; cardiovascular side-effects (such as ECG changes, arrhythmias, postural hypotension, tachycardia, syncope, particularly with high doses); sweating, tremor, rashes and hypersensitivity reactions (including urticaria, photosensitivity), behavioural disturbances (particularly children), hypomania or mania, confusion or delirium (particularly elderly), headache, interference with sexual function, blood sugar changes; increased appetite and weight gain (occasionally weight loss); endocrine side-effects such as testicular enlargement, gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea; also convulsions (see also Cautions), movement disorders and dyskinesias, dysarthria, paraesthesia, taste disturbances, tinnitus, fever, agranulocytosis, leucopenia, eosinophilia, purpura, thrombocytopenia, hyponatraemia

Some of the immediate physical complaints include constantly feeling cold, bloodshot eyes with dark circles, finger calluses, dizziness, weakness, lackluster hair, moodiness, insomnia, no menstruation, swollen glands, weight loss, sore throat, or dry skin. Some of the long-term effects include extreme weight loss, gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea and/or constipation, malnutrition, loss of tooth enamel,

- Some changes to an individual’s physical well-being includes: rashes, breathing difficulties, swellings, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, stiffness, shaking, headaches, drowsiness, constipation, weight gain (whether these changes are the result of a medication), we need to check contraindications and medicine interactions before administration.

Short-term effects are increased respiration, rapid heart rate, decreased appetite, increased physical activity, irregular heartbeat, increased body temperature, and increased blood pressure (www.drugabuse.gov). The long-term effects include: skin sores, extreme weight loss, and severe dental problems, as well as higher risk of contracting infectious diseases (www.drugabuse.gov).

SIDE EFFECTS: The most common side effects of labetalol are fatigue, dizziness, nausea, headache, diarrhea, edema (fluid accumulation), and shortness of breath. Postural hypotension (a rapid decrease in blood pressure when going from the lying or seated position to the standing position that may cause light-headedness or fainting) occurs rarely. Patients should be observed for this possible side effect within two to four hours of the first labetalol dose and after any changes in dose. Sexual dysfunction, abnormal heart rhythm, slow heart rate, liver failure, and allergic reactions may occur. GENERIC NAME:

Discovered in 1909 by Carlos Chagas, Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, affects an estimated 8 million individuals annually according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The number of individuals affected by this disease annually makes it a significant, yet preventable, problem. As a chronic parasitic infection, the disease is transmitted by insects and most commonly found in impoverished regions of Latin America, as well as the rest of the Americas. The purpose of this report is to explain the biology of this disease as well as its epidemiology and prevention strategies.

Its most common side effects include decreased heart beats, fatigue, cold and clammy skin, sexual dysfunction, and difficulty in breathing especially in patients suffering from bronchial asthma.

Chagas disease is an illness caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This parasite infects triatomine bugs, which are common in Mexico, Central America, and South America. These bugs spread the disease to humans through contact with their feces. This may be through bites from the bugs, or the parasite can enter the body through mucous membranes or small cuts in the skin.

For previous reasons, there is an essential for new effective and reliable methods of identification and detecting this pathogen for academic and quarantine uses. For previous reasons, there is an essential for new effective and reliable methods of identification and detecting this pathogen for academic and quarantine uses. For previous reasons, there is an essential for new effective and reliable methods of identification and detecting this pathogen for academic and quarantine uses. For previous reasons, there is an essential for new effective and reliable methods of identification and detecting this pathogen for academic and quarantine uses. For previous reasons, there is an essential for new effective and reliable methods of identification

On the second hospital day, a lab scientist who was performing a routine exam of the peripheral blood noticed multiple intraerythrocytic ring forms. These rings forms were consistent with Babesia. This amount of parasitemia was quantified as 5-6% in this woman’s smear. The patient was treated with clindamycin ( IV 600mg 3x day), and quinine ( 648mg, orally 3x day ). The patient’s mental status started to shift a little so her health care team decided to move her to the intensive care unit. A nasal wash as well as a blood culture came back negative. Unfortunately, this patient’s status started to drastically decline on the third day. Intubation and vasopressor support was required. Despite being given such intense treatment, the patient underwent multiorgan failure due to Babesiosis. Fourteen donors of blood received by the patient in the previous 4 months were then investigated. All donors were negative for Babesia by rapid PCR for B. microti. Donor 4 had a very high B . microti immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) titer (1:1024). A titer that high usually indicates that infection was or is present. This donor lives in NJ but went to Rhode Island within 2 years of donating blood. Two other donors were precluded as being the cause of the infection due to low titers of

T.cruzi the parasite found in the bugs was actively at work and “cruzi” was named after Oswalda Cruz, Chagas great friend at the Institute of Oswalda Cruz in Brazil (Oswaldo Cruz 391). It was apparent though, that this disease was found in several poor areas across South America. Chagas actually believed it was a relatively poor disease that affected disgruntled areas. Chagas examined that this disease was very much capable of causing human suffering. It was understood that once you contracted the disease by the Triatominae bugs that symptoms would soon follow. Chagas disease was an acute and chronic disease that would destroy the human body from the inside out. Symptoms observed tended to be “anemia, physical decline, developmental retardation and impaired intelligence, infantilism, lymphadenopathy, hepato-splennomegaly, bouts of fever, palpebral edema and edema of other body parts” (Perleth 219). It was understood though, that people who tended to develop this disease to become chronic, affected the heart much more than any other part in the body, leading to heart

Describing the clinical presentation of this infection& health and safety issues when diagnosing the infection in the microbiology laboratory

Adverse Side Effects: Mild to moderate laboratory values changed in dogs, an increase in liver enzymes like GGT and ALT. Cats also had mild to moderate laboratory values change in an increase of ALT, BUN, and serum creatinine values. Dogs and cats also experienced depression, lethargy, anorexia, and emesis.

The strain type is thought to play a role in the severity of an infection, and it’s usually determined by genotyping. However, the principal limitation of this method is that it is hard to obtain infective isolates (with the exception of some severe cases or in pregnant women with a positive amniocentesis) (Morisset et al., 2008). It requires isolation of enough parasite DNA, or actual organisms, and, generally, can only be obtained from patients presenting clinical manifestation of the infection (Kong et al., 2003).