Abstract
Nile River is the major source of water and soils in Egypt. Silt is the main soil component of it. The Nile is one of the international rivers; it passes through ten countries in Africa, and divided into two branches; Rosetta and Damietta at the end. Hydro-geochemical study of Rosetta branch was done. The geochemical processes which control the water quality and its suitability for drinking, fishing and irrigation purposes was evaluated. Thus the hydro-environmental status is studied. Fifteen water samples were collected for determining the physical and chemical parameters. The results show that several parameters are above the desired limits. High concentrations of total dissolved solid (TDS), Electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, ammonia (NH3), (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chloride (Cl-), Sulfate (SO42-) were found. While a reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) in the drains especially Tala and El Rahawy drains were noticed. In addition, residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Sodium percent (Na %), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and Magnesium hazard (MH) were measured. The results show that the salinity values for the selected samples minimized their utilization for irrigation. The results indicate that the main geochemical process in the study area is cation exchange and evaporation which control the main ion distribution.
Keywords: Geochemical processes, Hydro-geochemical, Water quality, Nile River,
Introduction
1.1. Water Resources in Egypt
Nile River
In Ancient Egypt they call their land The Red Land. They called it the Red Land because desert seemed to have a red hue as in color. As the land around the Nile turned black when the Nile flooded. The Nile formed as the ancient sea shifted creating the Mediterranean Sea basin. The Upper Nile is divided into three tributaries: the White Nile, the Blue Nile and the Atbara River. The White Nile currently flows through Lake Victoria, Lake Edward, and Lake George. The Blue Nile originates in the Ethiopian Mountains. As the Atbara River flows from the Ethiopian highlands and meets the combined rivers White Nile and Blue Nile. Northern Egypt was bounded by two different deserts, Arabian Desert and Libyan Desert. The importance of the Nile flooding
Without the Nile River, Egypt today may not have existed. The Nile River helped shape Ancient Egypt’s diverse culture and various philosophies, which is what made it a very successful (if not the most successful) ancient civilization. The Nile did this in numerous ways such as allowing travel, producing art and religion, and flooding so that people could grow crops. Without the Nile, the success of Ancient Egypt would have been debateable. Ancient Egyptians did have the Nile River however, which led to their ultimate success for almost 3,000 years.
I chose the Mesopotamia and the Nile River Valley. These two civilizations are two of the most favorable ancient civilizations. Although these civilizations are similar in many ways, the small, but impacting differences it what makes these two civilizations stand out the most. The Nile River Valley was located in northern Africa in a country called Egypt. Mesopotamia was located in modern day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and parts of Turkey. The origin of Mesopotamia comes from the meaning “between two rivers.” The land is between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Defining moments for human civilization began within these two.
Just as the Tigris and Euphrates rivers shaped the worldview of early Mesopotamians, The Nile shaped the world view of the Egyptians. The Nile River was easily navigated and fairly temperate, which made for one of the greatest agricultural regions in the world at that time. Like clockwork, each year the Nile River would flood the land, leaving behind nutrient-rich silt that provided a bountiful harvest the following season. Due to the agricultural success of the land that followed the Nile the majority of Egyptians would settle close to it shores. The Nile Rivers benevolent waters also allowed the Egyptians to transport its most valuable resources to the southern regions of Africa, especially the divine metal that had been endowed by the gods to Egypt's elite. Even today the Egyptians are considered to be the pioneers of water management.
“Egypt…is, so to speak, the gift of the Nile.” (Doc. E). The Nile River was a river that flowed for approximately 680 miles through ancient Egypt, and through other African countries. It was a crucial water source for ancient Egypt, and it was essential for the survival of the Egyptian people. Ancient Egypt was one of the dominating river valley civilizations in the ancient world, and it was located in northern Africa. It had deserts, bodies of water, mountains, and flat plains. In this context, shaping means developing and impacting. The Nile River shaped ancient Egypt in many ways. The geographical aspect and the resources the Nile provided; the transportation, and therefore trade; and the spiritual impact on the Egyptians that the Nile had all played roles in the shaping of ancient Egypt.
The Nile river shaped ancient Egypt in many ways. The Nile was important to everyone who lived in ancient Egypt. Without the Nile River the ancient Egyptians would have never survived. The Nile was a big part in everything that the Egyptians did. The Nile took a big part in agriculture, economics, and religion in ancient Egypt.
Did you know that the Nile River is the longest river in the world and flows for over 4000 miles? With the last 660 miles of the Nile River flowing through Lower Egypt and the Nile Delta, it played a big role in ancient Egypt from the time of the first pharaoh in 2920 BC through 30 BC. The Nile River shaped Ancient Egypt in at least 3 ways. It provided for their food supply, transportation and trade, and spiritual beliefs.
Did you know that the name Nile comes from the Greek name “neilios, which means valley, Not only that but also it provided many resources to the Egyptians, As a result of the Nile river it gave them a fertile farmland, food, crops, and water, they are transportation, the calendar, and irrigation and last but not least without the Nile River giving it restocks it wouldn’t be the best it can be. An important part of Egypt was its irrigation, In the document, b says that Egypt is very low on rain, so the Egyptians always relied on the Nile River the reason why is because to have fertile land, and for them to also drink. in document b, it also says that the rain was not enough to even was not enough to water the crops even in the Nile Delta
Across history the River Nile has captivated philosophers, geographers, historians, engineers, politicians since the humans set their eyes on its water. A great civilization had been flourished along the Nile banks, the Pharaonic civilization. Herodotus, described Egypt as “an acquired country, a gift of the River Nile” [1]. The River Nile is considered the second longest river in the world. It has a length of about 6,500 km which extends from the most remote source, at the head if the river Luvironza (near Lake Tanganyika), to its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile basin in its present situation covers a drainage area of about 3.11x106 km2. The basin extends from 4°S to 31°N latitude and from 21° 30’E to 40° 30’E longitude. The highest
“Egypt… is, so to speak, the gift of the Nile.” According to document A, Egypt has a lot of land contrasts, from the desert to the Nile. The first pharoah ruled 5,000 years ago, which was Menes. Egypt began nearly 5,000 years ago. How did the Nile affect Ancient Egypt? The Nile shaped Ancient Egypt in terms of population distribution, economics, and spiritual/religious life.
The world depends on water to survive and thrive, without it everyone would perish. The civilization of Ancient Egypt was no exception. The Ancient Egyptians relied on the Nile River for everyday activities such as farming, building, and assisting with the daily needs of humans. Without the Nile Egypt would have fallen into the sands of the desert. However, with the Nile Egypt became one of the greatest civilizations of mankind.
The Nile River is arguably one of the most important water sources in the world and has an extremely rich history dating back thousands of years. Without the Nile, the ancient Egyptian civilization would have never existed. Egypt is basically a whole lot of sand and not much else, except they have the Nile River flowing through it, on it’s way to the Mediterranean sea. The ancient Egyptians lived along the Nile River and it provided them with abundant water, food (fish) and the opportunity to develop agriculture along it’s banks. The Nile River was also used for transportation and trade with other regions because land travel was more difficult than floating on the river. The Ancient Egyptians were at the mercy of the seasonal flooding and
The Nile gave several gifts to Ancient Egyptians such as providing pintail ducks and fish, providing better crops, and transportation.
The river creates dangerous cataracts that are capable of crashing any ship into the large rocks farther downstream. those rocks are what create the cataracts. In source #1 it states,” There, narrow cliffs boulders in the nile form wild rapids called cataracts. the Nile is also a barrier for the town because if you can't travel in the river, your only choice was to walk in the desert. The desert will kill any attackers from the east or west from heat, dehydration, lack of energy, and starvation. So the Nile was the best place basically in the world in the time of Ancient
The Nile River is the most geopolitically significant waterway in the world. It is the lifeblood of Egypt without the Nile Egypt could not survive. The Nile is a source of conflict on a regular basis because of water rights and trade and distribution. 83 million people in Egypt and Africa live by the Nile River. The Nile covers over 4000 square miles of water leading to the Aswan High Dam all the way down to the Mediterranean Sea. Cairo has dominated the trade and usage of the Nile so countries upstream are faced with challenges like distribution coming from 2 tributaries called the White Nile and Blue Nile. The Blue Nile originates in Ethiopia and the White Nile originates in the great lakes region and the two rivers combined it makes the