Nine States of Matter? The Lesser Known States of Matter Essay

The particles include photinos, neutrinos, gravitinos, axions, and magnetic monopoles, among many others. Of these, researchers have detected only neutrinos -- and whether neutrinos have any mass remains unknown. Experiments are under way to detect other exotic particles. If they exist, and if one has a mass in the correct range, then that particle might pervade the universe and constitute dark matter.

5) List the three common states of matter in order of highest potential to lowest.

What is matter? Matter is the substance of which any physical object is composed of. Matter takes up space and has mass. Matter can actually undergo lots of changes either chemically or physically. During chemical changes, matter’s chemical composition changes. Bonds between atoms are broken and created to form new molecules! For an example, a rusting iron nail. When a iron nail is exposed to oxygen it transforms into rust, this ability to react is the chemical property/change. During physical changes, matter’s composition does not change. Something in the matter might seem or look different, but the atoms are still link up the same.

In order to observe quantum mechanical effects in a gas, we have to reduce the temperature drastically. Roughly, we can calculate this temperature by demanding that the thermal deBroglie wavelength has to become equal to the mean particle distance $\lambda\approx10\,\,\textrm{nm}$ $\Rightarrow T=\frac{\hbar^{2}}{3mk_{\text{B}}\left(10\,\,\textrm{nm}\right)^{2}}\approx0.002\,\,\textrm{K}$. % }, hence, as a matter of fact, the atomic BECs are the coldest objects existing in labs. BEC's creation became only possible after the development of appropriate experimental techniques needed to reach the necessary ultra-low temperatures. Mainly, we can divide the cooling procedure of atoms into main steps, \textbf{First}:- the method of laser cooling is applied to the gas loaded into a magneto-optical trap, this method was rewarded with the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1997 \cite{RevModPhys.70.685,RevModPhys.70.707,RevModPhys.70.721}, this method makes it possible to create a moderately cool state, at temperature $\sim100\,\,\mu\textrm{K}$. \textbf{Second}:- this step undergoes forced evaporative cooling, losing $\sim90\%$ of atoms, and the remaining atomic cloud spontaneously forms the

produced by all nuclear reactors, so one was able to calculate the amount of krypton being

The theory started when geologists in the fifties began whether natural occurring nuclear fission was possible. Eventually, empirical evidence presented itself. In 1972 at the Oklo uranium mine in western

The first origins of the Manhattan Project began as early as 1930, with physicists such as Albert Einstein, who knew of the power of the single atom. Though it wasn’t until later in the decade that German physicists were able to take those thoughts produce the first artificial nuclear reaction, and even document the theory. Due to the publication of the theory, many people began to realize the immense power that could come from such a tremendous reaction of atoms.

Dr. Shirley Jackson is the president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, but she didn’t get there easily. From 1964-68 she was a scholar at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), after graduating in 1964 as valedictorian of her class. Here, she earned her bachelors degree after writing her thesis on solid-state physics. She also got her Ph.D. in ’73 on elementary particles, becoming the first African American female to receive a doctorate in theoretical solid state.

The Fourth State of Matter by Beard shows the emotional and mental state of people when they lose control of their lives. The coming together of three stories into one is remarkable and continues to support the view of confusion in life since no one can fully control it. The best thing to do most of the time is accept change and try as much as possible to enjoy life. Beard’s life seems to be going out of control, but through time and effort she realizes that she can take control of her emotional and mental state.

The Spanish-English marriage alliance of Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur was arranged when the children were very young. Catherine traveled to England only to face tragedy when her young husband, Arthur died in 1502.Henry VII wanted to marry Catherine to his younger son, who would be, Henry VIII so that he did not lose the dowry money from Catherine's parents and to secure some other agreements between the two countries. In the Catholic Church, it was forbidden to marry the wife of a deceased brother. A papal dispensation was required for the marriage. It was easily obtained from Pope Julius II. Henry VII died before the marriage took place but Henry VIII immediately married Catherine once he became

Leonard Mandel, an extraordinary magnate optical scientist of his time, was a powerful voice on behalf of physics. He was the Lee DuBridge Professor of Physics and Optics at the University of Rochester: a masterful scientist, exemplary teacher, generous colleague, and beloved family man. He is perhaps one of the most amazing founding fathers of what we call; quantum optics, evolving into the revolution of so called “most exciting areas in science.” He trained society’s understanding of quantum mechanics and lasting ways through ingenious experiments that provided convincing demonstrations and precise tests of many of the most counterintuitive aspects of the quantum nature of light. Rarely has any one individual so intimately investigated and so dramatically advanced our understanding of the quantum mechanical nature of light.

States of matter are the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on. Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in bulk properties. Solid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed volume and shape; liquid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed volume but adapts to the shape of its container; and gas is the state in which matter expands to occupy whatever volume is available.

In order to attempt to trace the origins of the modern science that we now refer to

Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and can be perceived by one or more senses; a physical body, a physical substance, or the universe as a whole. There are four distinct states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. There are other states of matter such as Bose-Einstein condensates and neutron degenerate matter, but those states can only be found under extreme conditions.

In the early 1900's a duch physicist by the name of Heike Kammerlingh Onnes (pictured above), discovered superconductivity. Before his discovery, Onnes had spent most of his scientific career studying extreme cold. The first step he took toward superconductivity was on July 10, 1908 when he liquified helium and cooled it to an astonishing 4 K, which is roughly the temperature of the background radiation in open space. Using this liquid helium, Onnes began experimenting with other materials and their properties when subjected to intense cold. In 1911, he began his research on the electrical properties of these same materials. It was known to Onnes that as materials, particularly metals, cooled, they exhibited less and less resistance. Bringing a mercury wire to as close to absolute zero as possible, Onnes observed that as the temperature dropped, so to did the resistance, until 4.2 K was reached. There resistance vanished and current flowed through the wire unhindered. Below is an approximate graph displaying resistance as a function of temperature for the experiment Onnes conducted with mercury: