Pg. 141-151
• Shortly after this act was approved, the Voting Rights of 1965 was passed and this eliminated all barriers upon African Americans voting. o Suffrage- The legal right to vote; extended to African Americans by the Fifteenth Amendment, to women by the Nineteenth Amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the Twenty-sixth Amendment. o In fact, some of these plans date back to the Civil War but were not finally enforced until all these court cases and protests occurred. o Fifteenth Amendment- The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African American.
• There were many means in which southern states attempted to prevent African Americans from expressing this fundamental right: o Literacy Tests- Due
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• Overall, the fight for equality and civil rights has not occurred within the various minority groups explored.
Women and Public Policy
• The first major move taken to fight for women’s rights were at Seneca Falls, New York in the early years. o They always had the view that man was the leader over a woman, taking away her fundamental rights. o Yet, after almost a century of speaking out and fighting, progress was eventually achieved.
• Nineteenth Amendment- The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. o It was a big disappointment that the fifteenth amendment did not extend to women at the time.
• Yet, the fight with woman was far from over.
• There has been one major legislation that has constantly been fought for: o Equal Rights Amendment- A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972 stating that “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex”; despite public support, the amendment fell short of three fourths of state legislatures required for
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Reed- The landmark case of 197 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination.
Again, got to love the fourteenth amendment. o Craig v. Boren- In this 1976 ruling, the Supreme Court established the “intermediate scrutiny” standard for determining gender discrimination.
• It is the work place in which women receive the most discrimination because they were always seen as care takers of the husband, children, and house. o They are always paid less than men, they are often described as worth less than men despite having the same qualifications, and even sexual harassment. o There had to be a long fight to get the Pregnancy Discrimination Act passed in 1978 to ensure that having a baby was part of their benefits from work.
• In the 1980’s, sexual harassment was officially declared discriminatory towards women. o It was stated that it would only be seen as violation if the workplace becomes “hostile or abusive”. o This issue has becoming much better over the years, but it is still investigated in many professions that mainly males are encouraged to join even in today’s society.
Discussion
Susan was furious when the constitution changed an amendment that allowed citizens to vote but only to men.
This amendment, ratified on August 18, 1920, guaranteed all American women the right to vote. This amendment, initiated to advance the cause of equal rights for women, was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the United States, which fought at both state and national levels to achieve the vote. This constitutional amendment was initiated to enfranchise all American women and declare that they, like men, are deserving of all the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. Women were granted the right to participate in politics, which initially was only given to men. As a direct result of this, women began to enter the political sphere and workplace; they began to pursue their dreams without feeling restricted due to their
The 19th amendment was the new start for women in the 1920’s. Women would not be who they are today if it wasn’t for this amendment. The 19th amendment allows women the right to vote. It was passed by the congress in 1919 and was ratified by the state legislatures in 1920. Because of this amendment women are able to vote and also be able to go to college. In fact 26 million women half the population suddenly became eligible to participate in the U.S political office. More women went on to get higher degrees in education in the 1920’s than ever before the number of women enrolled in colleges and universities nearly doubled between 1920-1930. The 19th amendment was big part as to how we as women came to be.
The amendment I have decided to discuss is the 19th amendment. I chose to discuss this amendment because I am a female an amendment 19 gave females the right to vote. The 19th amendment was an extremely important victory for the women's suffrage movement. Amendment 19 was adopted on August 18th,1920 says that the government and the states cannot deny one to vote based on sex. This means that women have a right to vote.
Suraiya Shoyab Jankowski, p. 6 America in History III March 2, 2018 The Equal Rights Amendment Failure In 1972 the Equal Rights Amendment had wanted to be passed by many Americans. The amendment was one of the many proposed amendments that failed to be passed.
One of the most infamous Supreme Court cases in history, Rowe v. Wade of 1973 struck down a law in Texas restricting abortion. Texas formerly had a law in place that deemed it a felony for a woman to have an abortion; the courts ruled that the state’s interest in protecting the health of a pregnant woman and the potential life needed to be balanced against a woman’s right to privacy. The Roe v. Wade decision is what began the national debate over the morality of abortion. Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp if 1971 is another case that led to the actions of the supreme court in the support of the WRM. Title VII prohibits discrimination by employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Supreme Court case Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. is the case that marked the first sex discrimination case under Title VII. The Court unanimously ruled that employers could not refuse to hire women with 4-5 year old children when they also hiring men with children of the same age. Reed V. Reed on 1971 was a unanimous decision in which the Supreme Court struck down an Illinois law concerning sex discrimination within the appointment of administration over an estate. A couple that had separated lost their son who did not leave a will. The man and woman, Sally and Cecil Reed, were battling over control of their son’s estate. An Illinois law stated that "males must be preferred to
Women’s suffrage, or the crusade to achieve the equal right for women to vote and run for political office, was a difficult fight that took activists in the United States almost 100 years to win. On August 26, 1920 the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was ratified, declaring all women be empowered with the same rights and responsibilities of citizenship as men, and on Election Day, 1920 millions of women exercised their right to vote for the very first time.
The nineteenth amendment that's for the “U.S constitution grants the women suffrage or the right to vote”. A person name Blackwell started the women's movement to help end it. Some people have had been accused of the needs of a upper and middle class of white women. Which they had attempted to “extend social and economic benefits to border” the range for the women who suffer. On January 1848 a girl name Elizabeth Candy Stanton and lucretia Mott called the first woman's rights convention in seneca falls.They didn't really like how the women were getting treated. the women marched in the parade and made speeches. It also gave men the right to vote.it joined forces in 1890 under the name
The Equal Rights Amendment’s main focus previously was civil rights being denied based off of their sex. SInce the late 1900’s
The road leading up to the passing of the 19th amendment in August of 1920 was anything but easy, a fight for equal rights that lasted 72 years. Women’s rights conventions were held on a continual basis from 1850 until the start of the civil war. Many women were involved in the “Women’s Rights Movement” but a few who played a higher role was, Esther Morris,Abigail Scott Duniway, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Church Terrell, Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman Catt.
For example, for years Nursing, Teachers, Phone Operators, were known for being a field where females dominated. which may be true, but men were still paid more for being in the communication, medical and educational fields which explains the increase in the numbers of males joining the field, in which according to the Department of Labor of Labor Statistics are all jobs that on the rise in percentage of
A big debate in the time of the amendment ratification was that women were just different then men. Women would never hold the same powers and fulfill the same things as men.
The need for the new law to be established began with the conflicting outcomes coming from the various levels of the court system. The courts disagreed on what constituted sex discrimination. Six different United States Courts of Appeals had ruled in favor of pregnant women saying that any employment act that would adversely affect a pregnant woman was sex discrimination as outlined by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Supporting this position was the view of the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission who also agreed that discrimination based on a pregnancy would be considered sex discrimination. However, the United States Supreme Court would change all of that with its ruling in two separate court
The Women’s Suffrage Movement of the 1920’s worked to grant women the right to vote nationally, thereby allowing women more political equality. Due to many industrial and social changes during the early 19th century, many women were involved in social advocacy efforts, which eventually led them to advocate for their own right to vote and take part in government agencies. Women have been an integral part of society, working to help those in need, which then fueled a desire to advocate for their own social and political equality. While many women worked tirelessly for the vote, many obstacles, factions, and ultimately time would pass in order for women to see the vote on the national level. The 19th Amendment, providing women the right to vote, enable women further their pursuit for full inclusion in the working of American society.
An amendment called the Equal Rights Act (Halton), was attempted to be passed and went through the house of congress. Although it was never passed, it proved to the government how compassionate and committed the supporters of women’s rights were, and helped the inequality between men and women under the constitution shine through (Halton). It is also known as a huge factor that assisted women in realizing they deserve the same rights as men, even when they were not in the women’s rights movement. Without it, there is no way of knowing if women would have had the rights they have today.