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Nineteenth Amendment Definitions

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Pg. 141-151
• Shortly after this act was approved, the Voting Rights of 1965 was passed and this eliminated all barriers upon African Americans voting. o Suffrage- The legal right to vote; extended to African Americans by the Fifteenth Amendment, to women by the Nineteenth Amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the Twenty-sixth Amendment. o In fact, some of these plans date back to the Civil War but were not finally enforced until all these court cases and protests occurred. o Fifteenth Amendment- The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African American.
• There were many means in which southern states attempted to prevent African Americans from expressing this fundamental right: o Literacy Tests- Due …show more content…

• Overall, the fight for equality and civil rights has not occurred within the various minority groups explored.
Women and Public Policy
• The first major move taken to fight for women’s rights were at Seneca Falls, New York in the early years. o They always had the view that man was the leader over a woman, taking away her fundamental rights. o Yet, after almost a century of speaking out and fighting, progress was eventually achieved.
• Nineteenth Amendment- The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. o It was a big disappointment that the fifteenth amendment did not extend to women at the time.
• Yet, the fight with woman was far from over.
• There has been one major legislation that has constantly been fought for: o Equal Rights Amendment- A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972 stating that “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex”; despite public support, the amendment fell short of three fourths of state legislatures required for …show more content…

Reed- The landmark case of 197 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination.
 Again, got to love the fourteenth amendment. o Craig v. Boren- In this 1976 ruling, the Supreme Court established the “intermediate scrutiny” standard for determining gender discrimination.
• It is the work place in which women receive the most discrimination because they were always seen as care takers of the husband, children, and house. o They are always paid less than men, they are often described as worth less than men despite having the same qualifications, and even sexual harassment. o There had to be a long fight to get the Pregnancy Discrimination Act passed in 1978 to ensure that having a baby was part of their benefits from work.
• In the 1980’s, sexual harassment was officially declared discriminatory towards women. o It was stated that it would only be seen as violation if the workplace becomes “hostile or abusive”. o This issue has becoming much better over the years, but it is still investigated in many professions that mainly males are encouraged to join even in today’s society.
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