Nipah Virus

Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) affect over 1.7 million patients each year, causing almost 100,000 deaths annually in the United States alone (Johnson, 2010). According to the World Health Organization, HAIs are the most frequent adverse event in the healthcare industry. Fortunately, most of these infections can be prevented with one single intervention, proper hand hygiene (“The Evidence,” n.d.). Four out of five pathogens that cause illness are spread by direct contact. Proper hand hygiene eliminates these pathogens and helps to prevent cross-contamination and HAIs (Linton, 2015; “Hand Hygiene,” n.d.). Reduction of cross-contamination and HAIs improves patient outcomes, increases employee wellness, and lowers health care costs. Adherence to proper hand hygiene is the single most important safety measure in the health care setting. However, for many years compliance to proper hand hygiene in the healthcare industry has been dismally low. New and inventive measures must be implemented to increase compliance to proper hand hygiene and lower the rate of hospital-acquired infections.

| UNIT 4222- 264 THE PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL | | | |

 Hand   Environmental  and  Global  Health   washing  for  15-­‐20  seconds,  covering  the  mouth  and  nose  when  coughing  or   sneezing  and  avoiding  touching  the  mouth,  eyes  and  nose  will  be  effective  in   4   controlling  the  spread  of  the  virus.  Accessibility  to  health  care,  health  care  facilities,   and  education  will  affect  future  outbreaks.     Access  to  services,  the  percent  of  people   who  receive  coverage  and  quality  of  service  as

To prevent and control the infection and the measures that are to be taken by the facility to limit the spread of norovirus is that the organisation should have signs saying that there are some infected patients. Making sure of having a proper hand hygiene and wash the laundry thoroughly and make sure to disinfect the clothes. Usage of proper Personal Protection Equipment and sterilize the suspected

Germs and many other diseases spread primarily through airborne particles, skin to skin contact, and or touching objects such as door handles, hospital buttons, or by sharing patient possessions. Nurses and other health care clinicians are constantly in physical contact with many different patients, who all have varying illness’ and diseases themselves. Many may also carry a

The standard precautions are implemented at all times to decrease the risk of transmitting infectious agents. Assuming that all patients could carry an infection, this minimises the potential spread of HAI’s. These standard precautions include routine hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, safe handling and disposure of sharps and routine environmental cleaning.4,5 In this situation, where blood is present, this is considered a biohazard. Hand hygiene must be performed before touching the patient, before and after any procedures or exposure to bodily substances and after touching the patient or any of the patient’s surroundings. The use of Personal protective equipment should be used when attending to the patient. This includes protective eye wear, a surgical mask and an apron for protection from any splashes or sprays of blood generated by the patient. Gloves should also be worn for single use only when coming in contact with open skin and bodily fluids. To minimise the spread of blood, the bystander with visibly soiled hands should also be advised to thoroughly clean them with soap and

To help the prevention of infection spreading is by knowing the method of washing your hand because we carry most bacteria sue to the open air that we come in contact with. For example we use are hands to shake hands with someone holding or touching objects. When you are performing any form of hand hygiene you will need to make sure that you have washed your hand with anti-bacterial liquid soap; this is to help prevent any bacteria which we already have on our hands. In all health and social care settings an automatic liquid dispenser should be placed so that when washing hands any individual doesn’t touch or need to even sneeze any part of the liquid

Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.

One of the first places that will be discussed where outbreaks have taken place is in nursing homes. In most of these cases, it was believed to be brought into the facility by contaminated food or water from an outside vendor. However, once it began to infect a few residents it quickly spread from person to person among the residents. It is easily spread in these type of facilities due to the tight living conditions that place more than one person in each room, the lower levels of cleanliness that result from residence who cannot move, are incontinent, or suffering from reduces mental capacities.

To identify the spread of every infectious disease known to infect the human population is problematic. The whereabouts of how certain viruses migrated from its known origin in the Eastern Hemisphere over to the Western Hemisphere is still unclear in relation to West Nile virus (Nelson & Williams, 2014). There are only theories behind the routes on how the virus spread to North America, perhaps the migration of birds infected with West Nile virus, or through the means of creating bioterrorism of weaponizing a virus. West Nile virus, unlike most viruses, are not deadly, but is still considered a public health concern due to the lack of understanding of how the development of the disease is unclear. It is evident that further research needs

An ‘emerging’ disease is one that is speedily increasing in frequency or distribution. This expression not only circumscribes the diseases corresponding with previously unknown agents, but additional known diseases that are ‘re-emerging’, as well. What is it that provokes disease emergence? Epidemiological principles profess that disease is multi-factorial. That is, in inclusion to the existence of the infectious agent, additional factors, such as the agent, host, and/or the environment are all generally imperative for infection and disease to occur. But who would have concluded that one of the most menacing viral infections would result from a mammal? The Nipah Virus Infection (NiV) is a known emerging infection, targeting the public health

Throughout the world of modern science, the human race is faced with a broad range of problems that require strong, valid solutions. This concept is apparent then in The New Yorker’s, “The Deadliest Virus” and in Popular Science’s, “Out of the wild”. While both pieces of work address the topic of the worldwide spreading of dangerous viruses in today’s society, each brings up individual arguments explaining scientific research completed behind such viruses and what role such research should play in delivering such information to the public. These works also give informative, detailed observations and data which provides the reader an opportunity to create his own opinion on such important current events. These findings are provided which gives a form of validity to each claim made in these two pieces of work, however bias and a lack of testable, reproducible data create holes that leave the reader 's imagination and personal morals to determine their own point of view.

There is no single intervention for prevention of norovirus; therefore an early intervention and rapid implementation of infection control measures are key to controlling norovirus disease transmission. Hand hygiene is a primary prevention behavior and practical intervention that is effective in controlling the outbreak of the disease, the protocol include the switching to an exclusive use of soap when washing the hands and blend the washing with alcohol-based hand sanitizers (Neha, 2013, p. 63). Other measures include ensuring there is personal protective equipment, isolation of patients that have norovirus disease symptoms, educating the public and disinfection of the environment. Medication cannot reduce the risk of illness and those under antipsychotic drugs are not likely to become symptomatic and the medication can act as a surrogate maker for biologically plausible protective factor.

Therefore, outbreak measures such as by following proper hand hygiene technique which includes rubbing the hands with alcohol based gels, antiseptic hand rubs, and washing hands thoroughly with liquid soaps with proper disposal of towels (Beckett G & Bright J,2013). The closure of home and isolation of the patient for until the nursing home is symptom free for at least 48 hours. The effective prevention are through staff members by means of ensuring that they have proper PPE on such as non- sterile gloves, face mask and gowns which are disposed securely to prevent recontamination. Staff play a major role in avoidance of transmission like washed and clean clothing every day and personal hygiene, the staff should be aware of the facility policy and procedure during the outbreak and right safe disposal of contaminated items (Nazarko, L., 2013, NHMRC, DHA, Cole.M, 2012.WHO, 2009). Additionally as a protecting measure the care staff should follow the proper vaccination schedule, like hepatitis B, HIV and Hepatitis C (Anderson, K. L.,2009,WHO, 2009, Beckett.G.,.Et al.,).Ensuring environment like kitchen, dining area, bathrooms are bleached are thoroughly bleached twice a day. Usage of disposable dinnerware at all times until the outbreak since the portal of exit is where the infectious

​The origin of the disease has been described at the end of the movie where we find out that a bat with a virus known as paramyxovirus that infects a pig. The pigs that are for human consumption were located near a forest that was being cut down. The pig in turn infects human beings of the earth through a chef. The agent which is very infectious is known as MEV-1 and its potential spread is estimated at 6-7 which suggests that the virus is highly transmissible from one person to the next. The virus has been compared to that of a smallpox virus with a mortality rate of up to 30%.