Nipah Virus Research Paper

NiV transmission includes many types of forms to transfer from agent to hosts. Infected bats shed the virus via their excretions and secretions such as their urine, excreta, semen, and saliva, despite them being symptomless carriers. While Nipah virus is extremely contagious among hosts such as pigs, goats, and humans, it is primarily best spread through coughing. The leading source of transmission in humans, however, is through direct contact with infected pigs. This explains why pig farmers were much likely to be infected when exposed to ill livestock in 1999. In fact, “ninety percent of the infected people in the 1998-1999 outbreaks were pig farmers or had contact with pigs” (World Health, p.5). How can we prove the emergence of bat-related infections? While several bat species were losing their natural habitats, it made sense that the

* Complex includes: Alfuy, Cacipacore, Japanese encephalitis, Koutango, Kunjin, Murray Valley encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Rocio, Stratford, Usutu, West Nile, and Yaounde viruses.

Nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) is a chemical agent containing gypsy moth parts causing viral disease of insect larvae. NPV is sprayed aerially over relatively large areas and poses minimal risk to both workers and the general public. There is, however, a lack of both human toxicity and exposure data so most of the risk assessment concerning NPV come only from experimental mammals. From this data, there has been no evidence of systemic or respiratory disease conditions. Under certain conditions, NPV may cause eye and skin irritations. But, only when

The Iowa Department of Public Health has confirmed a rare case of disease caused by the Jamestown Canyon virus. In addition, there are two cases has been reported to the Iowa’s Health Department about West Nile Virus, which is also an illness spread by mosquitoes, along with Jamestown Canyon virus. According to the author, people who are infected by these two viruses will experience: “fever, headache, and flulike illness.” Luckily, however, “the patients who had Jamestown Canyon virus and West Nile virus are slowly recovering.”

Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.

WNV can result in intricate infection. WNV has spread as a cyclic plague into North America. WNV signifies a mosquito-borne virus which spread in birds. Mosquitoes are generally wandered in the space and usually bite humans and animals. Therefore, WNV can be spread straightforwardly and cause complex infections.

To identify the spread of every infectious disease known to infect the human population is problematic. The whereabouts of how certain viruses migrated from its known origin in the Eastern Hemisphere over to the Western Hemisphere is still unclear in relation to West Nile virus (Nelson & Williams, 2014). There are only theories behind the routes on how the virus spread to North America, perhaps the migration of birds infected with West Nile virus, or through the means of creating bioterrorism of weaponizing a virus. West Nile virus, unlike most viruses, are not deadly, but is still considered a public health concern due to the lack of understanding of how the development of the disease is unclear. It is evident that further research needs

Mosquitos are the main transmitter of this virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), pigs and birds are also part of the transmission cycle, which increases the risk of infection to people living near these animals. According to WHO, there are twenty-four countries that have a risk of infection, particularly in the South-East region of Asia and the Western Pacific.

West Nile Virus is a viral disease. The virus is apart of the Flaviviridae virus family. The Flaviviridae virus family is mostly made up of viruses that are transmitted through arthropod bites, such as mosquitos and ticks. WNV is transmitted to people by mosquitos that feed off of infected birds; then bite a human. "The virus can be carried by birds and transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on an infected bird and then feed on a human or animal. Among wild birds, Corvids such as crows, scrub jays and

An ‘emerging’ disease is one that is speedily increasing in frequency or distribution. This expression not only circumscribes the diseases corresponding with previously unknown agents, but additional known diseases that are ‘re-emerging’, as well. What is it that provokes disease emergence? Epidemiological principles profess that disease is multi-factorial. That is, in inclusion to the existence of the infectious agent, additional factors, such as the agent, host, and/or the environment are all generally imperative for infection and disease to occur. But who would have concluded that one of the most menacing viral infections would result from a mammal? The Nipah Virus Infection (NiV) is a known emerging infection, targeting the public health

West Nile virus (WNV) is a virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes. It has been found in humans, birds, and other animals, typically in Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East. In 1999, WNV was detected in the United States for the first time, and since then it has spread across the U.S. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 15,000 people in the U.S. have tested positive for the WNV infection since 1999, including over 500 deaths. Many more people have likely been infected with WNV, but have experienced mild or no symptoms.

West Nile virus is transmitted by numerous mosquito species and can vary geographically. The American Association of Equine Practitioners says, “The virus and mosquito host interactions result in

​The origin of the disease has been described at the end of the movie where we find out that a bat with a virus known as paramyxovirus that infects a pig. The pigs that are for human consumption were located near a forest that was being cut down. The pig in turn infects human beings of the earth through a chef. The agent which is very infectious is known as MEV-1 and its potential spread is estimated at 6-7 which suggests that the virus is highly transmissible from one person to the next. The virus has been compared to that of a smallpox virus with a mortality rate of up to 30%.

Newcastle Disease Virus tropism varies and can manifest in the respiratory, digestive, or nervous systems with differing severities of virulence . At least four pathogenic types are defined: lentogenic, asymptomatic enteric, mesogenic, and velogenic which includes two tropisms: neurotropic and viscerotropic . Lentogenic and asymptomatic enteric are the less virulent type of the disease, showing mild or no symptoms. Birds with lentogenic type infections may have respiratory symptoms such as coughing, and sneezing whereas the asymptomatic enteric strain the virus replicates in the gut and the bird may show no symptoms . According to the USDA, this less virulent form of NDV is endemic in US poultry1. If mesogenic, the virus can cause respiratory symptoms and birds may show nervous symptoms such as tremors, twisting their necks, paresis, or complete paralysis of wings and / or legs, or other neurological abnormalities6 8. [4] [7] Egg production may also decrease or have abnormal shape, texture or color6. The

A number of studies have supported the theory that the virus had originally occurred in animals previous to human infections.5 The MERs-CoV virus is a type of coronavirus that has been known for infecting both birds and many species of mammals. These types of infections are commonly referred to as zoonotic diseases because the pathogens are able to be transferred from animals to humans. Zoonosis can happen with or without a vector in order to spread the infection. Although the exact origin of the MERs-CoV infections is unknown, there has been convincing research performed that has found related types of coronaviruses in bats and camels. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the coronavirus is found in multiple species and can cause respiratory illness and gastrointestinal upset.