Nitration of Methyl Benzoate Essay

Objective: The objective of this lab is to observe the synthesis of 1-bromobutane in an SN2 reaction, to see how a primary alky halide reacts with an alcohol.

11) Dry out the methylene chloride solution that contain the benzoin and the dibromobenzene by the use of anhydrous sodium sulfate.

The objective of this laboratory experiment is to study both SN1 and SN2 reactions. The first part of the lab focuses on synthesizing 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol by using an SN2 mechanism. The obtained product will then be analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and refractive index. The second part of the lab concentrates on how different factors influence the rate of SN1 reactions. The factors that will be examined are the leaving group, Br – versus Cl-; the structure of the alkyl group, 3◦ versus 2◦; and the polarity of the solvent, 40 percent 2-propanol versus 60 percent 2-propanol.

Attach IR Spectrum of Your Starting Material (2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol) and Product (2,5-Dichloro-2,5-Dimethylhexane ) – label important stretching frequencies.

1. Purpose: to clarify the mechanism for the cycloaddition reaction between benzonitrile oxide and an alkene, and to test the regiochemistry of the reaction between benzonitrile oxide and styrene.

In this experiment, the main objective was to synthesize a ketone from borneol via an oxidation reaction and secondly, to produce a secondary alcohol from camphor via a reduction reaction. Therefore, the hypothesis of this lab is that camphor will be produced in the oxidation reaction and isoborneol will be the product of the reduction reaction because of steric hindrance. For the oxidation step, a reflux will be done and then a microscale reflux for the reduction step. The products will be confirmed using Infrared spectroscopy, the chromic acid test, 2,4-DNP test and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results of this

Based on prior calculations, expected yield for the alkene products was 79.5%. The actual yield was not as high, resulting in a 28.4% yield. Even with this relatively small yield, the reaction still went to completion as indicated by the GC results in Figure 2. This is known because there is no presence of 2-methyl-1-butanol within the GC spectra. Only the two desired alkene products with

The initial product is the beta-hydroxyketone, which rapidly undergoes dehydration and creates the final product, trans-p-anisalacetophenone. Technically, both the carbonyls cannot be mixed together with sodium hydroxide to get one product. We will get a dominant product of trans-p-anisalacetophenone. This reaction is an exception and we get away with it. P-anisaldehyde and acetophenone together only make one enolate. This helps our exception, but there are still two carbonyls. With our weak base, we should be worried about acetophenone reacting with itself but we are not. This is due to steric hindrance, like I stated earlier. Aldehydes are better electrophilic carbons and therefore the ketone will react with the aldehyde faster than reacting with itself. It will quickly form the product trans-p-anisalacetophenone because it is the favored product. We do not have to use expensive LDA, we can use the weaker base and get away with it.

Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. In these reactions, the aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile (an electron pair donor) and reacts with an electrophilic reagent (an electron pair acceptor) resulting in the replacement of a hydrogen on the aromatic ring with the electrophile. Due to the fact that the conjugated 6π-electron system of the aromatic ring is so stable, the carbocation intermediate loses a proton to sustain the aromatic ring rather than reacting with a nucleophile. Ring substituents strongly influence the rate and position of electrophilic attack. Electron-donating groups on the benzene ring speed up the substitution process by stabilizing the carbocation intermediate. Electron-withdrawing groups, however, slow down the aromatic substitution because formation of the carbocation intermediate is more difficult. The electron-withdrawing group withdraws electron density from a species that is already positively charged making it very electron deficient. Therefore, electron-donating groups are considered to be “activating” and electron-withdrawing groups are “deactivating”. Activating substituents direct incoming groups to either the “ortho” or “para” positions. Deactivating substituents, with the exception of the halogens, direct incoming groups to the “meta” position. The experiment described above was an example of a specific electrophilic aromatic

Through the use of the Grignard reaction, a carbon-carbon bond was formed, thereby resulting in the formation of triphenylmethanol from phenyl magnesium bromide and benzophenone. A recrystallization was performed to purify the Grignard product by dissolving the product in methanol. From here, a melting point range of 147.0 °C to 150.8 °C was obtained. The purified product yielded an IR spectrum with major peaks of 3471.82 cm-1, 3060.90 cm-1, 1597.38 cm-1, and 1489.64 cm-1, which helped to testify whether the identity of the product matched the expected triphenylmethanol. The identity of the product being correct was further confirmed by way of both proton and carbon-13 NMR spectra. This is due to the fact

The purpose of this lab was to synthesize triphenylmethanol from benzophenone and bromobenzene by the formation of a Grignard compound with the reagents bromobenzene and magnesium metal. The bromobenzene was first transformed into the Grignard compound and was then reacted with the benzophenone to make the final product. The mixture was then mixed with sulfuric acid and the organic layer was extracted via a separatory funnel. The mixture was then recrystallized from methanol and was allowed to dry and the percent yield, melting point, and the IR was obtained. The mass of the product obtained was 5.45 grams and the percentage yield was determined to be 41.95%. The melting point range obtained from the final product was 89-91°C

Even in the NMR displayed in figure A, it was difficult locating the peak B, which represented borneol. Isoborneol is the major product in this reaction because the reaction has favorable mechanism for endo pathway. In this reaction, sodium borohydride acts as nucleophile to the electrophile of the carbonyl on camphor. Sodium borohydride can attack via the endo and exo pathways. In order to attack the exo pathway, the sodium borohydride has to

IR spectrums were given for both o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol. For o-nitrophenol a strong broad vibration due to an O-H stretch at (Insert O-H Stretch Value for ortho) and for p-nitrophenol a very strong broad vibration due to O-H stretch at (Insert O-H stretch Value for para) can be seen. These both agree with the expected literature range for the vibrations for the O-H stretch of a Hydroxyl group of 3200-3500 cm-1 possibly being slightly lower due to conjugation within the aromatic ring. A weaker O-H stretch vibration can be seen in the ortho product due to aforementioned hydrogen bonding that occurs between the alcohol and nitro group of the benzene ring. Additionally in both the ortho and para products a medium strong sharp vibration

The overall goal in this lab was to oxidize borneol, a secondary alcohol, into camphor, which is a ketone. For the purposes of oxidation chromic acid was utilized, which was prepared by adding a 1:1 ratio of chromium trioxide to dilute sulfuric acid.

The transition metal chelates preparation and characterization by metal:ligand ratio, spectral study and magnetic properties.