Abstract
In this experiment, the nature of linkage isomers will be observed on the example of nitritopentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride and nitropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride. Their relative stability will be compared on standard conditions and the infrared spectroscopy of both the isomers will be obtained to analyze the characteristic absorption bands for the nitro and nitrito group. Yield for nitritopentamminecobalt(III) Chloride was obtained to be = 1.9221 g(73.24 %) and yield for nitropentamminecobalt(III) Chloride = 0.76 g(76 %)
Introduction
Linkage isomers may arise when one or more of the ligands can coordinate to the metal ion in more than one way. The first reported example of linkage
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A portion of the nitrito complex was placed in the oven at 110 degrees Celsius and was left for a week. The product was observed to have dark green color and the infrared spectrum was obtained for this compound as well using KBr pellets.
Results
Theoretical yield calculations
For [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2
[CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 + NaNO2 = [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 + NaCl (eqn 1.4) n([CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2) = 2.518 g / 250.4456 = 0.010054 mol n(NaNO2) = 2.5 g / 68.99 = 0.03624 mol
Thus, [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 is the limiting agent. n([CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2) = n([Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2) = 0.010054 mol m([Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2) = 0.010054 mol * 260.998 = 2.62407 g
%Yield = 1.9221 g / 2.62407 g = 73.24 %
For [Co(NO2)(NH3)5Cl2
[Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 = [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 (eqn 1.5)
Their molecular weight is same so
% Yield = 0.76 g / 1 g = 76 %
Infrared spectrum table
Table : Absorption bands of the products synthesized
Compound name
Peak(cm-1)
Peak assignment
Literature reference (cm-1)
Chloropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride
3300.42 (s)
Vas(NH3)
3267 1
3171.33(s)
Vs(NH3)
3174 1
1588.97(m)
Vas(NH3) degenerate
1589 1
1308.34(s)
Vs(NH3) angle deformation
1309 1
859.46(s) ρr(NH3) 850 1
499.027
Vs(Co-N)
485 1
Nitropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride
3214.3(s)
Vas(NH3)
3200 1
1617(s)
V(as(NH3) degenerate
1615 1
1435.7(s)
Vas(NO2) scissoring
After placing in darkness the colorless solution resulted by reformation of the radical intermediates to a new thermodynamic product via C-N bond at room temperature. UV-Vis was conducted on the solution before and after the irradiation with sunlight: UVtoluene 554.92nm, A=0.12 before irradiation and A=1.05 after. The peak at 554.92nm corresponds to yellow/green light and its complementary colour is red/violet. This validates the solutions violet color. The increased absorbance was accounted for an increase in the radical component. The radical was formed when exposed to light, which was visually apparent with the purple coloration and proved the thermodynamic dimer was also photochromic. When dimer 4 is exposed to light photons collide with the molecule and impart energy upon them. This energy is significant enough to break the bond between the two rings and results
Before the start of this experiment, the theoretical yield was calculated. Based off the data, it was found that the limiting reagent is 3-nitrobenzaldehyde. The theoretical yield is determined by relating the moles of the limiting reagent to the moles of the anticipated product by a ratio obtained from the overall equation. The theoretical yield was calculated to be 1.3 g. However, the actual yield obtained was greater than the theoretical yield; in other words, the actual mass of the product was higher than the theoretical mass. This led to an abnormally high yield of 320% and an impure product.
Occasionally the circumstance of death prevented the recovery of a clan-member’s body and caused acute grief for their family. Buffalo Bird Woman recounted the apparent death of a Hidatsa woman, Lies On Red Hill, and the grief of her father. During the spring buffalo hunt, the ice pack on the Missouri River began to flow separating Lies On Red Hill, who was traveling via bullboat, from her husband Short Bull, who led their horses on shore. When Short Bull saw the ice and the rapids on the river, he believed his wife drowned. He continued to Like-A-Fish-Hook Village and told Lies On Red Hill’s family about the accident. Her father, Dries Squash, was overcome by his grief and he went into her lodge. He placed her squash basket on his back and walked through the village weeping and mourning saying, “Lies On Red Hill, dear daughter, I shall never see you
There are four main regions of IR absorptions: region 4000 – 3000 cm-1 corresponds to N-H, C-H and O-H stretching, region 2250- 2100 cm-1 is triple-bond stretching , region 2000- 1500 cm-1 is double bonds and the region below 1500 cm-1 is the fingerprint region where a variety of single bonds are absorbed.3 The chromic acid test is a test for oxidizability and gives a positive result for primary and secondary alcohols as well as aldehydes2. A positive result in the chromic acid test is indicated by a color change and the formation of a precipitate. Tertiary alcohols give negative results for the chromic acid test since there must be a hydrogen present on the alcoholic carbon for oxidation to occur. The 2,4 DNP test, tests for a carbonyl and is therefore a dependable test for aldehydes and ketones. Finally, 13C NMR spectroscopy is a test to determine the structure of a compound. 13C NMR detects the 13C isotope of carbon. Each carbon has a different chemical shift. A carbon’s chemical shift is affected by the electronegativity of nearby atoms. Carbons that are bonded to highly electronegative atoms resonant downfield because the electronegative atom pulls electrons away from the nearby carbons and cause those carbons to resonant downfield1 (John McMurry, 2008). A general trend is that sp3-hybridized carbons absorb from 0 to 90 ppm, sp2-hybridized carbons resonant between 110
The result from the IR spectra for Trans-[Bis(inosinato)palladium(II)], and inosine are summarized in Table 2 and 3. It is important to note that Trans-[Bis(inosinato)palladium(II)] compound had an extra carbonyl peak at 1712.21 cm-1 which is from inosine impurity.
In works of music, the misplaced, egregious note can lead to conflict and ultimate disorder instead of the intended rhythm. So it is in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, where the notes of mistaken mindsets, racism and stereotypes mar the peaceful background of the novel's setting. Throughout the story, stereotypical, unyielding views of characters by other characters prove disastrous to the characters as a whole. This collection of views make up the total prejudices of the characters in the novel. Prejudice leads to suspicion and conflict.
Aim: To classify unknown substances according to their structure type and to observe how the structure of materials affects their uses.
The product obtained had a melting point of approximately 128-130 °C and a weight of .054 grams. The limiting reagent was calculated to be sodium borohydride. With the weight and limiting reagent, the percent yield was calculated to be approximately 53.33%. The IR of the product showed a peak at approximately 3311.25, which indicates the presence of an O-H bond.
Before any calculations, the spectra from the HCl solution and NaOH solution was verified to make sure that the wavelength at which the deprotonated form of 2-naphthol absorbs at 345 nm and that protonated form does not absorb significantly at the same wavelength. All the spectra in Figure 1 were baseline-corrected using the HCl solution spectrum, shown in Figure 2, and the NaOH solution spectrum was used to determine Amax at 345 nm.
When Odysseus tells his version of his travels with the Phaeacians, Odysseus gives a very detailed account of his confrontation with the Cicones. This story includes how upon his return from the Trojan War, Odysseus raids Ismarus, the land of the Cicones, along with his crew. To the surprise of Odysseus, the Cicones retaliated with a very robust fighting force, a force that was much more powerful than Odysseus’s crew. Odysseus characterizes this fighting force as too strong to be human, and thus deduced them to be godlike beings. When Odysseus recounts this story, he states “Fresh from the horizon they advanced - charging as packed as flowers in the spring … Zeus had given us disaster, my comrades and I damned to suffer punishment after punishment”
Olmsted, John III; Williams, Greg; Burk, Robert C. Chemistry, 1st Canadian ed.; John Wiley and Sons Ltd: Mississauga, Canada, 2010, pp 399 - 406
2. Miller, F.; Wilkins, C. Infrared Spectra and Characteristic Frequencies of Inorganic Ions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1952.
In order to synthesize our metal complexes, we were able to make both Copper and Ruthenium metals. From this, we combined each metal complex with DMSO by refluxing the compound. The metal complexes were analyzed through their melting point and IR spectroscopy to determine whether the metal bonded to a Sulfur atom or an Oxygen atom of the DMSO. After analyzing the IR spectrum, it was determined that S=O shifted to a lower wavenumber in CuCl2~2DMSO and that S=O shifted to a higher wavenumber in RuCl2~4DMSO.
This experiment was done to identify one ketone with Thin Layer Chromatography and one using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. When using Thin Layer Chromatography, I was able to determine my unknown by observing my slides and seeing that the spots of my unknown are most like those of 2-heptanone in height and size. Furthermore, I calculated my Rf values and determined that my Rf value of Unknown K (.5) was most near my Rf value of 2-heptanone (.51). Finally, comparing the derivative melting points of these two substances confirms that 2-heptanone is my unknown. The derivative melting point of 2-heptanone is 89 while my unknown was 87.
To characterize the synthesized product using its boiling point, results of simple chemical tests and derivatization reactions, along with the determination of the melting points of the hydrazones and comparison of the hydrazones using their RGB values.