Non-Destructive Ultrasonic Testing: A Step Towards Highly Reliable Fault Detection

The Diagnostic Sonography more commonly known as Ultrasound is a medical procedure in which you use high frequency sound waves to produce visual images of organs tissues or blood flow inside the body. Ultrasound is regularly known as the procedure used to examine women who are expecting. Although, Sonography is used in many different ways other than for expectant mothers. Sonography is also used to detect such things as heart disease, heart attacks, and vascular disease that can lead to stroke. (SDMS, 2010) Moreover, Sonography is also used to examine breasts, abdomens, female reproductive systems,

To begin, 3-D ultrasound configures the sound wave data into 3-D images and 4-D ultrasound is considered a version of 3-D ultrasound that shows motion (Radiological Society of North America). Another type of examination is a Doppler ultrasound may be part of an examination. Doppler ultrasounds use a special technique that assesses blood flow through blood vessels, including the body’s major arteries and veins in the legs, neck, and abdomen. Under the Doppler ultrasound, there are three more types: Color, Power, and Spectral (Radiological Society of North America).

There is a lot of history relating to ultrasound or another name is sonography. It has come very far for the uses in not only medical situations but other technological situations. Ultrasound has been seen to dates back to the 1700’s. The first inventor known to study ultrasound is Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1794. He was a physiologist to first study ultrasound physics by using bats. Bats use echolocation, which are sound waves that travel in the air till they hit an object and bounce back to the bat so it can in a sense see what is around him by knowing how long the wave took to get back. Ultrasound works similarly to bats echolocation. It uses high frequency sound waves that capture live images from inside the body. This works like how a bat can see with soundwaves but be almost blind. The next person Karl Dussik, physicist was the first doctor to use ultrasound as an instrument for diagnosis called it Hyperphongraphy. They used this to try and locate brain tumors with one transducer on side of the skull

An ultrasound is also referred to as a sonogram. It uses a high frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body.

Another form of imaging is ultrasound. Ultrasound, which uses very high frequency sound, is directed into the body. And because the tissue interference's reflect sound, doctors are able to produce, by use of a computer, a photograph or moving image on a television. Ultrasound has many application uses on the body, but is more commonly used in examinations of the fetus during pregnancy, because use of radiation may affect the outcome of the baby. Some other practices for ultrasound include examination of the arteries, heart, pancreas, urinary system, ovaries, brain, and spinal cord. And because sound travels well through fluids it is a very useful technique for diagnosing cysts( which are filled with fluid), and fluid filled structures such as the bladder. And since sound is absorbed by air and bone it is impossible to use a ultrasound on bones or lungs.

Diagnostic medical sonography is a profession where sonographers direct high-frequency sound waves into a patient’s body through the use of specific equipment to diagnose or monitor a patient’s medical condition. As described by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, this examination is referred to as an ultrasound, sonogram, or echocardiogram. The high-frequency sound waves emitted from the handheld device, called a transducer, bounce back creating an echo and therefore produce an image that can be viewed on the sonographers computer screen. This image provides the sonographer and physician with an internal image of the patient’s body that will be used in the diagnosis. The most familiar use of ultrasound is used in monitoring pregnancies

Sonography is non-invasive. A sonographer uses equipment that directs high-frequency sound waves to body organs and tissue to generate medical diagnostic images. It does not use radiation and is expected to grow in a professional manor and as a tool used by physicians. This is also a way for many individuals to use non-invasive technology to help assist in diagnostics.

Ultrasonic sensors emit short, high-frequency sound pulses at regular intervals. These propagate in the air at the velocity of sound. If they strike an object, then they are reflected back as echo signals to the sensor, which itself computes the distance to the target based on the time-span between emitting the signal and receiving the echo.

Give several examples of events that would cause an asset to be tested for impairment.

Diagnostic medical sonographers play a key role in the health care team and often work alongside doctors, nurses, and other technologists. They prepare patients by explaining the procedure and collect necessary patient history information prior to examination. An ultrasound is then performed, which is a non-invasive process that enables sonographers to send high-frequency sound waves into the body. The return signals are then analyzed to help visualize internal organs in 2D, 3D or 4D. These images help physicians with medical diagnoses and are also used for monitoring pregnancy. An ultrasound is often executed on many different areas of the body including the abdomen, pelvis, tissues, and vascular and cardiac systems. A DMS may also be required

A diagnostic medical sonographer is also known as an ultrasound technologist, or simply a sonographer. They use high-frequency sound waves, which are an offshoot of World War two sonar technology, to produce images of the internal body (“Diagnostic” 162). This picture is shown when the sound waves bounce off the internal body, and then become echoes that are now displayed as a two-dimensional black and white image on video. These images are then studied by a physician who studies the function of organs. A sonographer not only completes procedures for pregnant women as it is most known, but also for cysts, abdominal tumors, and the functions of blood vessels and heart valves.

Among the methods used for cell disruption, sonication (ultrasonics) is one of the most widely used cell disruption technique at laboratory scale. Ultrasound technology has been applied to various fields (Wang et al. 1997). On one hand it is hardly suitable for the industrial purpose, but on the other hand, it requires neither sophisticated devices nor extensive technical training at laboratory (Feliu et al. 1998).

The probe also has an acoustic lens this helps to focus the emitted sound waves. The transducer probe can come in many different shapes and sizes. The field of view depends on the shape of the probe. Also the frequency of the waves emitted determines how deep the sound waves will penetrate and also the resolution of the image that will be produced. Probes can be used to move across the body but they can also be inserted through various openings. E.g. orally, this enables the probe to get closer to object that is being examined. Being closer to the object may allow for more detailed views.

4. AE measurement is highly efficient due to its ability to warn of crack growth.

Applications of Noise and Vibration Studies in all domains presented above have slight variation depending on the structural architecture, working environment, economics and adherence to regulations imposed by various authorities. In the domain of railway, Automobile and Aircraft industry, both exterior noise (into the environment) and interior noise play an important role and are strictly regulated by norms imposed by various government authorities. In the railway industry, in addition environmental noise, big attention is being paid on studies on transmission and effect of ground vibrations in many countries. Aircraft industry, on the other hand has its focus of study on airframe noise which is transmitted to the environment surrounding the airports and are under strict regulation by regulatory bodies in all countries. For ships, interior noise and noise transmitted underwater has been the topic for research over past 40 decades.