Non Invasive Sub Clinical Cardiovascular Disease ( Cvd ) Assessment Tools

One issue faced daily in primary care is the incidence of hypertension. This disease impacts approximately 25% of the adult population in the world. Risk factors for hypertension include genetics, poor diet, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and other disease processes. In addition, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been recognized as an additional risk factor in the development of hypertension according to European and US guidelines (Pepin et al, 2014). According to Ohio State physicians Magalang and Valentine, (2015), there are possibly ten million people who have resistant hypertension, and most of those have OSA. In contrast, the National Sleep Foundation explains that sleep apnea affects more than 18 million people (Sleepapnea.org, n.d.). These numbers are staggering. A diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea increases a patient’s chances of developing hypertension. With this information in mind, it is prudent to recognize the correlation between treating obstructive sleep apnea with CPAP therapy and the benefits of this therapy in regards to blood pressure.

The review of literature emphasized the following aspects related to the present research: (A) Background of obstructive sleep apnea, (B) Obstructive sleep apnea’s quality of life, (C) Neck Circumference and Body Mass Index, (D) Older adults, (E) Sleep recommendations, (F) Sleep positions, (G)Nutrition, (H) Weight loss, (I) Exercise benefits, and (J) Synopsis.

Skomro, R. and Kryger, M. (1999). Clinical presentations of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 41(5), pp.331-340.

To determine internal homogeneity, the researchers found Cronbach’s alpha to be 0.83, which demonstrates a high degree of internal consistency. They analyzed both individual items and the seven component scores, each of which demonstrated strong correlations with one another. To determine test-retest reliability, the researchers used paired t-tests to analyze the global PSQI score and the seven individual component scores. The results demonstrated no differences between the t-test values. Each of the scores were significantly correlated, demonstrating stability in the questionnaire. Validation of the PSQI was determined by looking at the significance of the global PSQI scores via ANCOVA with respect to age and sex as covariates. Age was found to be a significant covariate in the daytime dysfunction component, while sex was found to be a significant covariate in the sleeping medications and habitual sleep efficiency component. The sensitivity of the questionnaire as found to be 89.6% and the specificity was found to be 86.5%. To further validate the PSQI, researchers compared it to variables of sleep obtained via PSG. The PSQI and PSG showed similar scores for sleep latency; however the PSQI overestimates the past month’s sleep duration and efficiency. Overall, the PSQI is a valid measurement tool that demonstrated: (1) subjects and patients can easily use it;

With at least 25 million adults in our nation suffering from sleep apnea, the findings add to the importance of addressing sleep issues and disorders, and getting them treated as soon as possible. Characterized by include

Sleep improves life in simple ways, especially in ways connected to health. One preliminary study concluded sleeping enough results in a stronger immune system. Other scientists have also completed studies on sleep and come to the conclusion that insufficient sleep definitely has a direct link to certain serious health problems, such as heart disease, heart attacks, diabetes, and obesity. Because proper sleep raises one's level of concentration, it also lowers one's risk of injury due to poor

Background: A significant association exists between Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) & Atrial Fibrillation (AFib). Limited studies have demonstrated that the AFib patients with OSA have worse symptoms and increase hospitalizations as compared to those without OSA. We assessed the impact of previously diagnosed OSA on in-hospital outcomes (Length of Stay and Cost of Stay) in the patients with AFib.

Acute myocardial infarction is known to many as a heart attack. It occurs when blood flow is blocked to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle (healthline.com). This is often a fatal incident for some people. However, many have survived a heart attack and now know their risks associated with this heart condition and have to monitor their daily lives. For the individuals that are aware of their heightened risk, they monitor their blood pressure, diet, cholesterol, and any medications they are prescribed, etc. in order to try and alleviate their risk factors. Although, a possibly unknown issue they may need to be additionally monitoring is their sleep patterns.

Sufficient sleep is defined as 7 or more hours in a 24-hour period. Poor sleep health is a common problem in the U.S. with 25 percent of adults reporting insufficient sleep for at least 15 out 30 days (2009). Over the last 30 years, the odds of being a short sleeper (less than 6 hours a night) has increased notably in the United States (Knutson et al. 2010). Currently, it is estimated that approximately 70 million Americans have sleep problems and that nearly 60 percent of them have a chronic disorder. Possible chronic disorders include; sleep apnea, narcolepsy, insomnia, parasomnia, jet-lag syndrome, and disturbed circadian rhythms (National Institutes of Health).

Objective: To evaluate the impact of insomnia severity on wellbeing, quality of life, and healthcare costs.

Research shows that 1 in 15 Americans or eighteen million Americans suffer from the threatening effects of sleep apnea, in which “flow of oxygen to vital organs is reduced and irregular heart rhythms occur” (Sleepdex 1). Sleep apnea happens in two different

The Framingham Heart Study or FHS followed the sleeping pattern of a large number of adults for ten years. Researchers from the Boston University School of Medicine,BUSM, and from FHS were able to include that oversleeping was probably only a symptom of dementia. This meant that reducing sleep will not change the probable outcome. This has lead to the researchers to instead convince people to have themselves screen soon after noticing unusual sleeping patterns. It may lead to an early diagnosis of dementia which can help the patient prepare for a possible future.

Most cases of sleep apnea are linked to stress, but the stress in sleep apnea can also lead to other medical problems such as an increased risk for cardiovascular consequences. It has been tested and proven that smoking and diabetes were also a large factor in the disorder of sleep apnea (Simiakakis M et al., 2012). Some studies have shown differences between cardiovascular disease and stress (Greenlund et al. 1995; Riese et al. 2000; Heslop et al. 2002a,b; Belkic et al. 2004). It is a terrifying fear to think that so many medical diseases can lead to the cause of a sleep disorder. It’s like most of the time with people one part of their body messes up, and it leads to something else. It’s an eye opener to realize that this sleep disorder can be caused by many health related problems, and not just stress.

Sleep apnea is a growing field that is fast becoming recognized as a contributor to many medical problems. This being said, there were several limitations to this review. The majority of the studies were small population studies averaging between 20 and 40 participants. There was bias noted in the selection process, as the majority of the participants came from only one center. Reliability is an important measurement of research. Reliability is the knowledge that the results are consistent and repeatable; this can be addressed by repeated interventions obtaining the same result (Heavey, 2015). There were no studies that were duplicated; therefore the reliability of the studies is limited.

Methods: A retrospective literature research was conducted using several scholarly databases to collect and review information relevant to the hypothesis. The search engines included but were not limited to Google Scholar, PubMed, MedlinePlus, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The research was not limited by country of origin but was restricted to publications in English. Articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria were rejected and studies that met the exclusion criteria were eliminated from the data pool.