Non Tariff Barriers to Trade

International trade barriers are restrictions put in place by the government to prevent the inflow of international goods and services to the country. These restrictions are placed by the government officials with the intent of protecting their economy from the international competition; they include tariff and nontariff barriers. Some of the argument for trade restrictions includes the following; It serves as a national defense from competitions to foreign companies, it serves as a means to protect infant industry from imports until they have enough capital to invest, it serves as a means to protect domestic jobs from cheap foreign labor, It also serves as a means to permit diversification of the domestic economy and a way to improve balance of trade (Ball, Geringer, Mcnett &Minor, 2012). Barriers to trade exist in developed and underdeveloped countries; some of these countries include China, United States, Japan, Russia, India, Latin America, European and African countries. Upon examining the barriers to trade which exists in different continents of the world, specifically comparing the barriers in developed countries to underdeveloped countries, there tends to be some similarities as well as differences. A closer look at countries such as China and Nigeria denotes a clear picture of what would be considered a developed and underdeveloped country. By reviewing the barriers that exists in both countries, similarities and

Non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs) are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the

Regional integration and free trade areas arrangements are plagued with many pitfalls and challenges (ref….). The focus of this research will, therefore, be narrow, only seeking an answer(s) to the challenge posed by the acceptance of conformity assessment data. The research will not delft into the components of conformity assessment but will deal with the principle of the acceptance of the conformity assessment results.

In poster #1 you can see that with tariffs down means trade will increase. This is represented by the words tariff and trade. The word tariff is written in red to signify a negative connotation, it also has an arrow pointing down meaning that the tariffs are lowering. The word trade is in green for a positive connotation and has an arrow pointing up to mean that trade is increasing because of the lowered tariffs. An increase in trade is what stimulates countries benefitting off comparative advantages. This increase in trade has had many benefits for all countries involved. With an increase in trade the price of goods in America decreases, making it easier for low income households to afford the products they need. Not only are the prices lower but with the rise in competition the quality of the goods and services are increased as well. This is demonstrated in poster #2, which says that low prices means happy consumers. The meaning of the poster is that because of lower prices more consumers can lead happier lives. NAFTA is not only improving trade but quality of life.

The agenda of issues shaping Canada-U.S. talks encompasses most of the questions to be debated within the multilateral framework. Since negotiations of GATT in the late 1980s will be more complex and protracted than in previous negotiations, it is believed that a Canadian U.S. agreement could provide momentum for the consensus-building process that must underlie any multilateral agreement; yet, there is always the danger that a bilateral arrangement will be accompanied by provisions for exclusions and trade management in sensitive sectors that could weaken GATT and undermine its decision-making process. The challenge facing Canada and the U.S. is one of bridging the gap between the bilateral and mutilateral objectives in an attempt to outline the foundations of' a framework for multilateral trade liberalization. There is no doubt

Another important topic of the negotiations are the reduction of non-tariff barriers and the harmonization of regulatory measures in order to move towards a more integrated transatlantic marketplace (HLWG 2013, p. 3). Despite of the high level of openness concerning trade, Appendix 1 and 2 show that trade partnership between EU and US has been worsening compared to other areas of the World. There exist still different barriers to trade and investments that block the economic potential of such an agreement; indeed 46% of TTIP stakeholders consider unnecessary regulatory barriers as an obstacle to trade, 45% tariffs, 38% customs procedures and 20% barriers to investment (European Commission 2013a, p. 12).

Trade disputes have been an issue in Economics and Foreign Policy since their inceptions. Since the beginning of time, some country has aggravated another, and this will never change. Trade disputes happen over a variety of products, such as lumber, renewable energy, gold, silver, and steel., Much of Russian trade disputes are over oil and steel. Currently, the Russian Federation and the European Union are in consultation, or deliberation, over certain cold-rolled flat steel products from the Russian Federation and the anti-dumping measures attached to those certain products. Anti-dumping measures, as of the last 100 years, have generated a multitude of disputes between countries and have had an extensive effect on trade in general. The

Tariff barriers are duties imposed on goods which effectively create a difficulty to trade, even though this is not surely the purpose of putting tariffs in place. Those barriers are also known as import restraints, because they limit the amount of goods which can be introduced into a country. That is tariff barriers are a tax forced upon imports to protect native industries and companies. (McMahon, 2014)

b. Discuss what effect such a trade agreement might have on the economies of the participating countries. [13]

Throughout history nations have utilized trade barriers such as tariffs and embargoes to regulate trade among other nations (Bartlett, 1998). The purpose of such trade barriers was to provide safeguards for a nation's imports and exports. The philosophy surrounding the use of trade barriers has changed from time to time with there being periods when they were used extensively and periods when they were abandoned entirely. Prior to the First World War international trade was flourishing and although tariffs were being used by a variety of nations they did little to discourage trade. During and after the War, however, trading barriers between nations put heavy burdens on international trade and by the time that the Great Depression struck world trade had reached a point of near stagnation (Madsen, 2001).

Under this accord, the four countries decided to remove custom duties, and implement a CET, or a “common external tariff” of 35% on certain imports from outside the bloc, and adopt a common trade policy toward outside countries and blocs. According the Council of Foreign Relations article, as a result of this treaty, “trade within the bloc jumped from $4 billion in 1990 to more than $40 billion in 2000”.

A customs union is a membership of countries who have formed a regional trade agreement with themselves, involving common external tariffs (CET), thus ensuring the same tax is on imports from countries that are not part of the membership (Hazelwood, 1987). The customs union theory deals with ‘country discrimination’ when products have different tariffs applied to them from products coming from a different country of origin. So, therefore, it may be argued that the customs union theory is a branch of tariff theory, which discriminated trade barriers geographically.

There are many factors that influence a nation’s willingness to enter into Trade Agreements. Briefly outline the basic models discussed in the readings and class (Heckscher-Ohlin and Ricardo-Viner). Discuss what factors influence domestic trade preferences (Political, Economic, Sociotropic, etc.).

European Union’s attention was again directed towards Albania during the Kosovo war. This was because the European Union was promoting stability in the Balkan region. There were many pacts that Albania has participated at the EU Meetings. Some of the pacts were; Stability pact for southeast which was launched in 1999; the second pact was Stability and Association process for the Western Balkan in 2000. However, these pacts were accepted, but many political issues were not settled during these pacts between Albania and EU. Many other countries and international organizations were supporting this, beside the European Union. Some of the countries were; United States, Canada, Japan. On the other hand, some of the organizations supporting this pact were organizations like NATO, International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. “All countries of the Southeastern European area are partners of the Stability Pact” (Thiel, 2004) and one of the members is Albania. Although the European integration it is difficult, with the assistance of European Union, Albania can progress towards the European Integration and the country can be more trustworthy for foreign investors to come and invest in Albania. But this has not been the case of Albania. Many reforms in Albania are either not implemented or poorly implemented. This means that some reforms

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