Non-Therapeutic Interventions

A common assumption amongst those in the field of criminal justice is that most adult criminals were victims of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and/or neglect in their childhood. A study by Steele in 1975 found that, of 200 detained juvenile offenders, between 72% and 84% had backgrounds of child abuse (Weeks & Widom, 1998). A 1979 study by Lewis, Schanok, Pincus, and Glaser found that of a sample of male juvenile offenders, 75% had experienced childhood physical abuse. In follow-up interviews with the same subjects previously surveyed, 80% reported childhood physical abuse (Weeks & Widom, 1998). A study done by the Department of Correctional Services Research and Reporting Unit in 1983 had inmates answer a questionnaire; 25.2% of the inmates who answered the questionnaire reported childhood victimization (1998).

Once my client is stabilized from the initial concerns of severe depression and suicide attempts, TF-CBT could be introduced. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children Affected by Sexual Abuse or Trauma. (2012) suggests that the following areas be covered psychoeducation and parenting skills, relaxation techniques, affective expressions and regulation, cognitive coping and processing, trauma narrative and processing, in vivo exposure, conjoint parent/child sessions and enhancing personal safety and future

It is estimated that thirty-two to thirty-five million U.S. citizens will experience depression during their life (DeRubeis, Hollon, Siegle 2). Depression can be treated with a Non Pharmacological method that is therapy or a Pharmacological method that is medication. Non Pharmacological Treatments (NPTs) are more effective when treating depression. All forms of NPT reduce depression symptoms and there is little to no side effects, in most of the methods.

Another patient, whose story affected me on a deep level, was molested as a child. As an adult she was married, and after a year of marriage her husband began to physically abuse her. She came to my program after a suicide attempt. It was a struggle for her to get out of bed every morning and come to the program. She would wear a

1. Client demonstrates excessive and sometimes unrealistic worry that has been occurring more days than not for past seven months. Client has been affected by physical issues due to anxiety; such as, nausea, diarrhea, lack of sleep and trouble falling asleep, excessive crying, discourse at home, and hypervigilance.

-Collaborated with treatment team and child’s parents to review assessment reports and analyze programming success

In recognition of the diverse needs of the child and adolescent populations served by NCTSN sites across the country, the interventions and treatments listed below span a continuum of evidence-based and evidence-supported interventions ranging from rigorously evaluated interventions to promising practices and newly-emerging practices. Readers are encouraged to review and consider these practices from a variety of perspectives including the following:

A series analyses of covariance appears to have indicated that children assigned to TF-CBT, compared to those participants who were assigned to child-centered therapy, demonstrated significantly more improvement with regard to PTSD, depression, behavior problems, shame, guilt, and other abuse-related attributions. (Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino, & Steer, 2004, p.400). Similarly, parents or guardians who were assigned to TF-CBT showed greater improvement with respect to their own self-reported levels of depression, abuse-specific distress, support of the child, and effective parenting practices allowing them to parent more effectively. (Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino, & Steer, 2004, p. 401). TF-CBT assists both the primary caregivers along with the child to ensure everyone in the situation who experiences negative symptoms are addressed and helped therapeutically, to create an outcome where children and their families can live successfully together. This can also include communities as whole TF-CBT helps bring empowerment to its participants and allows them to face their issues head on.

TF-CBT is an evidence-based practice that is used for trauma caused by violence, abuse, sexual abuse or other traumatic events. Usually, this evidence-based practice is used for children ages 3-17. The Modular approach to therapy for children (MATCH) is focused on overcoming the current challenges and provide with various treatment to address the current problem (Lucassen et al., 2015). The MATCH is an evidence-based practice that is used for anxiety, trauma and behavior problems with children from ages 6-15 years old. There have been more studies using qualitative research that TF-CBT is effective evidence-based practice and has positive outcomes for clients. TF-CBT is a short-term therapy that will help the client overcome their trauma and have a positive outcome once therapy is over. As for MATCH, there has not been a lot of qualitative research because it is used rarely in other countries. There have been more quantitative research reports that have been conducted based on the client and the statistics. Therefore, based on the research that was conducted with the two evidence-based practice the writer prefer to used TF-CBT because it provides with human behavior and the data that is used is with the current participants that were using TF-CBT and their experience.

“With effective treatment, children can recover from sexual abuse and other traumas. In TF-CBT, one key to recovery is encouraging children to open up and talk freely about their trauma (Getz, 2012).” First trauma-Focused cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is an evidence based treatment is a model designed to assist children and their families in overcoming the negative effects of traumatic experience. There are many types of trauma events such as child abuse, domestic violence, rape violent and community violence and etc. I will be discussing three main section which are: Facing trauma, Evidence based treatment and what differentiates TF-CBT.

Two hundred twenty-nine 8- 14 year old children and their primary caretakers were randomly assigned to TF-CBT forms of alternative treatments. These 229 children had significant symptoms of PTSD, with 89% meeting full DSM-IV PTSD diagnostic criteria.(Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino, & Steer, 2004, p. 399). “More than 90% of these children had experienced traumatic events in addition to sexual abuse.” (Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino, & Steer, 2004, p.400). Traumatic events can include physical abuse, threats, and even just witnessing another individual being abused can cause a person to experience more

Single system design was the method use to evaluate if the interventions use in AB’s treatment plan was actual working. NASW Code of Ethics, 5.02 Evaluation & Research (a) Social workers should monitor and evaluate policies, the implementation of programs, and practice interventions. (b) Social workers should promote and facilitate evaluation and research to contribute to the development of knowledge (NASW, 2013). AB self-reported when he was admitted he was not participating in any therapy sessions, if he did attend sessions he became agitated and would start verbal altercations with staff and peers. He admitted he would throw things, break items, curse and spit on peers and staff on a daily basis. He was being restrained 4-5 times a week. He would refused to talk about the trauma he endured by his biological mother. AB started TF-CBT between November and December of 2014. In May, AB reported he felt more comfortable with the therapist who executed the sessions. He completed all 16 session without any incidents. After TF-CBT he participate in most activities while avoiding verbal and physical altercations. During a treatment team meeting, the adolescent social

Now as for “non-drug intervention” treatments, mirror box is one of the few treatments. where a device containing a vertical mirror and is positioned so a reflection of the patient intact limb is superimposed onto the perceived position of the phantom limb. It is shown that the mirrored movements activate the contra lateral sensory motor cortex and cause a reduction in pain. Dr. Ramachandran believes that amputees can experience somatic or postural empathy during mirror neuron activity when observing others using their limbs and this may evoke phantom limb pain. Dr. Ramachandran described the mirror to be the primary tool of this treatment in which the patient receives visual feedback to train the brain to configure a new “body map.” The goal

The non-pharmacological interventions used in the studies differ as to what type of strategy is used in decreasing the cancer children’s' pain, distress and anxiety. However, it can be noted that the most predominant intervention was the use of distraction in order to control and manage pain in cancer children. Among the distraction techniques, the assessed articles show that the use of soap bubbles, warm pillows, party blower, virtual reality and self-selected distractions are commonly used. To answer the PICO question, there is no non pharmacological intervention which can be considered as the most effective in relieving the pain of cancer children. However, the use of the interventions provided herein can be implemented

The two types of management strategies for BPSD are non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) and pharmacological interventions (PIs). NPIs encompass strategies ranging from: sensory stimulation intervention (e.g. aromatherapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain), cognitive/emotion oriented intervention (e.g. reminiscence and validation therapy), behavioural management techniques (e.g. cognitive-behavioural therapy), and environmental interventions (e.g. well-lighted and non-stressful surroundings). Also, the aims of NPIs are to provide symptom, prevention and alleviation of caregiver stress. PIs are the psychotropic drugs used to treat BPSD which include cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI), anticonvulsant mood stabilisers,