Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Nafld), Is A Form Of

A healthy adult has over 1000 species of bacteria residing in the gut (1). There is great diversity in genera of these bacteria, however the most

There are major effects in the United States and Europe to help identify the role of microbial communities in the human body. The colon requires a balance of microbial agents that assist with various functions of the body. An imbalance can lead to C.diff., irritable bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), neurological disorders, and obesity just to list a few. Many of these problems have grown to an epidemic proportion. Both the United States and Europe have started projects aimed at the microbial communities of the body and their roles in our health.

But cirrhosis slows the normal flow of blood through the portal vein, which increases the pressure inside.

Zhang et.al. did a study with the aim of assessing the relative contributions of host genetics and diet in shaping the gut microbiota and modulating metabolic syndrome related phenotypes. They fed wild type mice C57BL/6J) and Apoa-1 knockout mice normal chow or a high fat diet (HFD) for 25 weeks. The knock out mice had impaired glucose tolerance and high body fat at baseline. They measured food intake and body weight evert 2 weeks and measured glucose tolerance and gut microbiota composition and population at baseline and at the end of the intervention at 25 weeks. According to their findings the wild type mice that were fed a high fat diet gained the most weight followed by the gene Apoa knockout mice. The same results were also seen for glucose tolerance test with the wild type mice on a high fat diet showing a larger spike in blood glucose. Significant differences in microbial composition was seen between animals on different diets rather than animals with genetic differences. HFD eliminated bifidobacteria and increased the abundance of endotoxin producing desulfovibrionaceae. Diet differences accounted for

The gut microbiota encompasses trillions of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract (Carding et al. 2015). The composition of the gut microbiota is constantly evolving and can be susceptible to both endogenous and exogenous modifications (Carding et al. 2015). The microbiota

Cirrhosis is the 12th leading cause of death in the United States. Cirrhosis affects one of the largest organs in the body, the liver. It is a condition that slowly worsens the liver and is unable to function normally due to chronic injury. Cirrhosis consists of four stages with the fourth stage being the most advanced stage of cirrhosis. When healthy liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue (fibrosis) it’s known as a degenerative disease called cirrhosis. Chronic alcoholism is the leading cause of cirrhosis due to excessive drinking of alcohol, which causes the liver to swell. In sequence with alcoholism and hepatitis C, or alone obesity can be a risk factor in developing cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is a disease that can affect many individuals if the condition is not caught in early stages it can become deadly.

The human gut microbiota has become the subject of researches in recent years and our knowledge of the resident species and their potential functional capacity is rapidly growing. Our gut harbors a complex community of over 100 trillion microbial cells. Therefore, our gut microbiota evolves with us and plays a pivotal role in human health and disease. This has clear effects on physiologic, immunologic, and metabolic processes in human health, aberrations in the gut microbiome and intestinal homeostasis have the capacity for multisystem effects. Changes in microbial composition are implicated in the increasing for a broad range of inflammatory diseases, such as allergic disease, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), obesity, and associated

The World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) has recently declared NALFD as most common cause of liver disease. Obesity is an increasing problem not only in the UK but worldwide. An estimated 26% of the adults in the UK are considered to be obese 1, 2. Obesity induced metabolic syndrome may lead to NAFLD, which can progress to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), and in turn to advanced fibrosis and an increased risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) 2, 3.

• People who are exposed to aflatoxins. These are substances made be certain types of mold that grow on food products, such as corn and peanuts.

Over two-thirds of adults, or nearly 69 percent are considered overweight or obese. Of those, more than one-third are considered to be obese, while more than 1 in 20 are classified with extreme obesity.1 The main causes of these overwhelming rates of overweight and obesity are all too familiar: an unhealthy diet, a sedentary lifestyle and to a lesser extent perhaps genes play a role as well. In recent years, however, researchers have become increasingly focused on a potential additional contributor to the obesity epidemic that lives inside us all: billions and billions of gut microbes or microbiota.2

Liver disease commonly known as Non Alchoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is esstmated to be present in as much as 86% of everyone who suffer from severe obesity. If left untreated, it has the potential to damage thee liver and lead to the development of cirrhosis

These complex communities play an important role in health and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity. The microbiota living symbiotically with their host are generally non-pathogenic and have evolved with humans in order to combat colonization by harmful bacteria while extracting energy from non-digestible polysaccharides. There are many factors that contribute to the stability of the gut microbiome. Typically, the gut microbiome is established at birth and differs with mode of delivery (vaginally vs. cesarean) [7,9]. Therefore, the manner in which a child is born influences the composition of bacteria. Other factors include host environment, genetics and lifestyle, the latter of which is the focus of this proposal [8,16]. The gut flora are beneficial to humans as they provide essential nutrients while also acting as an adaptive immune system [7, 23]. Research has suggested that antigens released from gut microbiota can be absorbed and infiltrate adipose tissue, thereby worsening chronic inflammation and oxidative stress associated with obesity [23]. Therefore, identifying the specific microbiome of an individual can be diagnostic of metabolic disorders [8] and may contribute to impaired endothelium-mediated

Another common reason that causes liver cirrhosis is alcohol related liver disease, which occurs after years of heavy alcohol use. A fat liver can also lead to this disease; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) happens when fat builds up in the liver but not through alcohol use, and fatty liver can be found commonly in people who are obese, have diabetes, have high blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure, and have metabolic syndrome. Another disease that is quite similar to NAFLD is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and did condition occurs when fat accompanies inflammation and liver cell damage. One last common cause of liver cirrhosis is chronic hepatitis B, and this is also a viral infection which leads to inflammation, damage, fibrosis and

This paper is about the end-stage liver disease, commonly known as cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a slow deterioration of the liver, where healthy tissue is replaced by scar tissue, therefore inhibiting the proper flow of blood through the liver. It is highly asymptomatic but susceptible in those with a history of heavy alcohol consumption, drug use via IV, or hepatitis. Typically, cirrhosis is diagnosed after its complications have already developed. There are over 3.9 million adults nationwide diagnosed with chronic liver disease according to the CDC/National Center for Health Statistics. While there are many possible causes for developing cirrhosis, the most common are: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcohol-related liver disease and chronic hepatitis

In particular, novel studies suggest that the characterizing of gut microbiota contributes to human health and disease such as different species component, metabolism capability and immune modulation capacity (4). The recent acknowledgement of the gut microbiota shows as a new role associated with the gastrointestinal function in medical science. The gut microbiota is considered that can affect our function of metabolism and probably before unsuspected pathways (4). In addition, it is considered a possible factor that contributes to normal physiology and predisposition to disease such as obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome (5). The composition of gut microbiota is also discussed and is controlled in the evidence based prebiotic and probiotic