Nonmetal Silicon Essay

Quartz is the most abundant single mineral on earth. It makes up about 12% of the earth's crust, occurring in a wide variety of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.Quartz varieties are commonly separated into two groups based on the size of the individual grains or crystals. Macrocrystalline quartz in which individual crystals are distinguishable with the naked eye, and cryptocrystalline quartz in which the individual crystals are too small to be easily distinguishable under the light microscope. Some of the verities of the Macrocrystalline quartz are

It mostly used to make alloys including aluminium-silicon and ferro-silicon (iron-silicon). These are also used to make dynamo and transformer plates, engine blocks, cylinder heads, machine tools, to deoxidise steel, and to make silicone( silicon-oxygen polymers with methyl groups attached), which you can make silicone rubber and oil. It can also be used extensively as a semiconductor in solid-state devices in the computer and microelectronics industries, which is made with hyperpure silicon. The silicon is selectively doped with tiny amounts of boron, gallium, phosphorus or arsenic to control its electrical properties. It can sometimes be used in, a) granite and most other rocks, which are complex silicates, and are used for civil engineering projects, b) concrete and cement, which are made with sand (silicon dioxide or silica) and clay (aluminium silicate), and c), in pottery, enamels, and high-temperature ceramics, which have silicate in them. Lastly, silicon carbides are important abrasives and are also used in lasers. Silicon benefits Arizona by making is more technology and helping people’s

As a result of this Sulfur is the 10th most abundant element in the universe. Sulfur, typically in the form of sulfide, is present in many types of meteorites. The distinctive color of Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io are caused by various forms of molten, solid, and gaseous sulfur. On Earth, elemental sulfur can be found near hot springs and volcanic areas in many parts of the world. Sulfur is commonly mined in Indonesia, Chile, and Japan. Historically Sicily, Italy was a large source of sulfur in the Industrial Revolution. Sulfur can be found in salt deposits along the Gulf of Mexico and evaporites in eastern Europe and western Asia. Native sulfur may be produced by geological processes alone. Fossil-based sulfur deposits were until recently the basis of commercial production in the United States, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. Currently commercial production is carried out in the Osiek mine in

This SiF4 is an environmental pollutant and which is why it is removed from the gas stream and used to produce fluorosilicic acid (Chemprocess 2015).

appropriate primer (coupling agent) to enhance coupling of the shell material with thecore. Also, the surface of the core material can be charged,and shell material can be adsorbed on its surface by electrostatic attraction72. Synthesis procedures for preparation of core particles of dielectric, metal and semiconductor materials andvarious ways of incorporating them to form core shell particles are discussed in the next section. Synthesis of dielectric cores Silica (SiO2) (dielectric constant ~4.5)73 is a popular material to form core shell particles because of its extraordinarystability against coagulation. Its non-coagulating nature is due to very low value of Hamaker constant, which defines the Van der Waal forces of attraction among the particles and the medium6. It is also chemically inert, optically transparent and does not affect redox reactions at core surfaces57. For various purposes it is desirable

(n.d.), silver has many industrial uses. It accounts for more than half of the mineral demand worldwide in the last five years. Silver’s physical strength, brilliance, softness, and flexibility make it easy to use in just about anything. People have used it in jewelry, tableware, and fine arts for many years. Silver is also used in some industrial applications because of its conductivity; silver has the highest electricity and heat conductance than any other element, and its sensitivity to light and its anti-bacterial qualities. Today silver is used it batteries, dentistry, glass coatings, LED chips, medicine, nuclear reactors, photography, solar energy, RFID chips, semiconductors, touch screens, water purifications, wood preservatives, and it has many more uses. The biggest consumers of silver for industrial uses in the past ten years have been the United States, Canada, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Germany, and Russia (What is silver used for in industry?,

Semiconductors such as silicon and germanium were able to display properties of both conductors and insulators, which made them useful in electronic operations. Germanium was initially used partly because it was easy to work with, but also because silicon was brittle, hard to purify, and unable to be mass produced. In turn, Germanium transistors were invented by John Burdeen, Walter Brattan, and William Shockley in 1947 at Bell Labs, replacing the need for costly and inefficient vacuum tubes (Lecuyer). The transistor was much smaller, more reliable, and provided the same important features of the vacuum tube (“The History of the Integrated Circuit”). Nonetheless, germanium still prompted a problem since it was unstable at high temperatures (“Germanium Transistors”). Silicon’s stability called for the development of a silicon transistor, which was achieved by Texas Instruments in 1954, giving TI a firm reputation that attracted the attention of many emerging engineers, who one of which, was Jack Kilby (Reid

and needs of these types of technologies will also evolve and become more prevalent amongst

Calcium(Ca) is a soft, silvery-white, reactive metal. Its chemical symbol is Ca and it has an atomic number of 20. It is the fifth element on the periodic table and is the fifth most abundant element found in Earth’s crust. Calcium is an alkaline earth metal. Therefore, it reacts with water and when it comes in contact with air it creates a nitrate coating to prevent further corrosion

They cost 75 dollars per square foot. Quartz is made of silicon and oxygen atoms. On the Mohs scale it is 7 for hardness. The category it is under is oxide mineral. The crystal structure is trigonal. The Chemical formula is SiO2. The luster is vitreous, waxy, dull. The streak color is white. The fracture is conchoidal. Quartz is found in all types of rocks igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. Quartz is resistant to weathering. White sands are the easiest way to find quartz in the sand. There is also some white or pink feldspar as well. Quartz is one of the most common minerals in the earth crust. Quartzs is a constituent of granite and felsic igneous rocks.

It is available commercially in cylinders, but is very difficult to handle and store due to its high reactivity and toxicity (“The Essentials”). Fluorine is available in nature in the form of rocks, coal, and clay and is the thirteenth most abundant element in Earth’s crust (“Rsc”).

The raw material are rare to be found on earth which has rich in helium-3 that is mostly used for electronics, nuclear-fusion research and constructing solar panels.

Many experts state that due to the new availability of technology and the never-ending variety

Epitaxial graphene is another common type. Epitaxial materials consist of a crystalline substance on top of another crystalline substrate. The most common form of epitaxial graphene is a single layer of graphene over a substrate of single-crystal silicon carbide. Silicon carbide itself has a high electrical properties and is currently used in many electronics. Combining it with graphene increases its electrical properties.

Now we will move onto other materials that are involved with electronics. The next group of materials that will be discussed are insulators. An insulator is a material that does not conduct electricity at all but will resist or stop it from traveling further. An insulating atom has eight electrons in its valance shell which makes this shell complete. Eight is the most electrons that any atoms can have in their valance shell this is why these are called insulators, no more electrons can fit in the valance shell of these atoms.