Nonspecific Immune Response Analysis

“Humoral immunity is a type of immune response that depends on antibodies.” The response begins when a pathogen binds to a B cell. The B cell will engulf the pathogen and display a part of the antigen on its exterior. Once a T cell is exposed to the antigen-presenting B cell, the T cell will release proteins to activate the B cell. Now that the B cell is activated, it will produce antibodies to cause the pathogens to clump together. In the last stage of humoral immunity, phagocytes will engulf and destroy the pathogens.

Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response.

Usually, homeostasis should be maintained using the stimulus-response model. In this model, the stimulus is the changes or variations in the internal environment of your body, and will be detected by receptors. Then, the control centre (your brain and spinal

Innate Immune System – Nonspecific and abrupt first response; comprised of epithelial surfaces (physical barriers), neutrophils, and macrophages.

This is immunity in an organism that’s a result from the production of antibodies or lymphocytes after an antigen is identified in the body.

1. Specificity: When the immune response acts to one specific molecular shape and not against others.

A primary response happens when an antigen is exposed, after a period of time which is normally a few days, particular antibodies start to show in the blood.

In the biology Immunology field, immunity is defined as the balanced state of a living organism for instance, the human body having sufficient biological defenses to combat infection, illness, or other unwanted biological incursion, while having acceptable tolerance to avoid contamination and allergies (Sompayrac, 2012, p.5). The immune system is a group of cells, nerves, and molecules that defend the body from many pathogenic microorganisms and contaminants in the environment.

The effector cells of the cellular immunity are responses from T-cell-mediated cells. The humoral effect on the immune systems is that the B cells recognize the antigen in the blood or the lymph. Once it recognizes the antigen, it is able to produce antibodies that are specific to the antigen, thus removing the antigen from the body. The B cells also create memory cells that will provide immunity to the antigen in the future. The cellular immunity’s effect on the immune response is the T cells recognize antigens. T cells are not able to bind with the antigens directly, so they require the assistance from MHC-bound peptides. Once the T cell is activated, the T cells produce gene products and create memory cells. T cell activation activates B cells as

Adaptive, or acquired, immunity refers to antigen-specific defence mechanisms that take several days to become protective and are designed to react with and remove a specific antigen. This is immunity develops throughout life.

The immune system is comprised of two responses: the adaptive immune response and the innate immune response. The first line of defence against invading organisms is classified as the innate immune response and the second line of defence and protection against re- exposure to the same pathogen is known as the adaptive immune response.

Homeostasis uses a feedback mechanism called negative feedback meaning that it works from feedback it receives about changes that need to be made. The mechanism responds to the normal range of environmental factors because the receptors sense that a change needs to be

The next cells are the T cells. There are many different types of T-cells. One is the Killer T-cell. They can recognize invaders with feelers on the outside of the cell and if the cell is infected, it can destroy the cell. Another type is the helper T-cell. The helper t-cell functions more as support. It matures B-cells and tells them to make antibodies by secreting a protein. A helper t-cell also activates the killer t-cell. The last major t-cell is the memory t-cell. If you get sick, the memory t-cell will remember the antigen and will the immune system be able to defeat the same disease faster. The next cell is the Natural Killer Cell. These cells are lymphocytes that destroy viruses by releasing a protein that makes the affected cell “program” itself for death. The process it destroys itself is called apoptosis. (Kidshealth.org)

First I would like to start out with clarifying the different kinds of homeostasis in greater detail.

Kerr, Wyllie, and Currie first used the term apoptosis in a paper in 1972 to describe a morphologically distinct form of cell death, although certain components of the apoptosis concept had been described years previously. Our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the process of apoptosis in mammalian cells transpired from the investigation of programmed cell death that occurs during the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Horvitz, 1999). In this organism 1090 somatic cells are generated in the formation of the adult worm, of which 131 of these cells undergo apoptosis or “programmed cell death.” These 131 cells die at particular points during the development process, which is invariant between worms, demonstrating the