Normal Distribution and Standard Error

The geographic-level aspects involve a range of dimensions, ranging from physical characteristics of the area – such as location and climate (Bloom and Sachs 1998, APUD Wagstaff, 2001), to the infrastructure offered (Macintyre et. al., 2002) such as health services (quantity and quality), sanitation, water supply, roads, and so forth. One interesting hypothesis is that the presence of favorable aspects, like low crime rates, street cleanness and lightening, recreation places, among other “amenities” in the region under analysis mitigate the effects of unfavorable individual circumstances over health; whereas the adverse ones, such as pollution, lack of sanitation or low accessibility to urban facilities, amplify the already perverse influence of deprived individual characteristics on health status (Macintyre et. al., 2002; Kennedy et al., 1998). In California, for instance, Haan, Kaplan and Camacho (1987) found that people from poor areas experienced higher mortality rates (after controlling proper age, race and sex) than the population from non-poverty areas. Such risk of death persisted even after socioeconomic and behavioral adjustments. Similar findings have been reported by Humphries and Carr-Hill (1991); Jones and Duncan (1995) and Duncan et.al. (1993), supporting the hypothesis of the social environment´s influence over health, independently of the individual-level.

8. Analyze: How does the standard deviation relate to the consistency and range of a data set?

Low socioeconomic status is often associated with higher prevalence of depression. Depressive disorders which develop in socioeconomically tight situations have lower rates of remission and higher risks of becoming chronic, hence increasing prevalence (Bramesfeld, Platt & Schwartz, 2006). Mental health problems like depression and anxiety have a higher prevalence in

The Center for Disease Control defines aging in place as "The ability to live in one's own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, income, or ability level." Their research also found that depression affects nearly 7 million older adults, but many do not receive treatment. Community-based strategies to screen and treat older adults effectively should be more widely disseminated. Loneliness among seniors was identified as the primary cause of high levels of isolation among the elderly.

Older adults are the fastest growing segment of the population and it is projected that by 2030 their size will increase by 7% equaling 20% of the total U.S. population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2014; Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] & Merck Foundation, 2007). Due to the current and expected shift in the demographics, late-life depression has become a public health concern and has increased the demand for mental health services for older Americans (CDC & National Association of Chronic Disease Directors, 2009). According to the CDC (2015), the prevalence estimates of major depression in older adults varies from 1% to 13.5%. Furthermore, the prevalence of depression drastically increases from 12% to 30% as older adults move from community to institutional settings (Unutzer, Katon, Sullivan, & Miranda, 1999).

Approximately 6.5 million of the 35 million elderly Americans are affected by depression (Duckworth, 2009). Rarely, however, the first onset of depression is experienced so late in life. Depression in the elderly is closely related to dependency or disability, which in turn causes a great distress for not only the family, but also for the individual. Approximately 15% of community-dwelling elderly show clinically significant depressive symptoms (Blazer, 2003). The rate for women is higher than it is in men,

Depression symptoms in the geriatric population often present as a natural process of aging. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (version IV) lists possible symptoms of depression as changes in appetite, sleep patterns, social withdrawal, complaints of aches and pains, memory and concentration problems, irritability, and anxiety (Guze, 1995). These symptoms could also be viewed as a reaction to the death of a spouse, family member, or friend; the loss of independence through the revocation of a driver's license; or relocating into different living arrangements (Twedell, 2007). This increases the demand for education about geriatric depression so that family members, friends, co-workers, and medical professionals can be

Ashton Vincent’s roll total was 1132. The average 11.32. The sample variance and sample standard deviation were 93.05% and 96.46% respectively. The sample z-score was 314.85%. My results from the experiment were roll totals of 1124, roll average of 11.24, sample variance of 94.21%, sample standard deviation of 97.06%, and sample z-score of 282.38%.

Depression has been identified as a significance health issue for the older adult. Given the

3) No, the ages are not normally distributed because with the view of the histogram, it is not bell shaped.

This essay will discuss the impacts of social and environmental determinants of health on the well-being of an older person named Bill. Per The Ministry of Health (2016), The Healthy Aging Strategy takes a life-course approach that ultimately seeks to improve the health and well-being for all older people. Bill lives in a rest-home, which as an environmental determinant, positively affects his well-being. This helps Bill to manage his health-related issues by surrounding him with adequate health services. The social determinant that negatively affects Bill’s well-being is his lack of social support. This means that Bill feels lonely, and ultimately suffers from chronic depression. Both the social and the environmental determinants of

Social determinants of health arbitrate the extent to which a person possesses the physical, social and personal resources to identify and achieve personal aspirations, gratify needs and cope with the environment (Dennis Raphael, 2008). The concern with social determinant is not new (CDC, 2014). It has been known since the mid 19th century that living conditions are the primary determinants of health (Dennis Raphael, 2008). A disease is not something personal and special, but only a manifestation of life under modified conditions (Winter, 2009). Rudolf Virchow provided the direct links between social conditions and health. It is generally known that mental illnesses and substance use disorder is greatly influenced by social factors. Social determinants are the main factors that help structure global health system. Most people in the world are not aware that their health is well structured by the distribution of wealth and income and also employment status. Mental health as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. Significantly, the absence of mental disorder does not necessarily mean the presence of good mental health (WHO, 2009). Most

Mood disorders can include disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar. Depression disorder, which is the feeling of sadness and worthlessness and the lack of interest in activities that were once enjoyed, affects an estimated amount of 20% of the elderly. Depression in old age can be due to different reasons such as retirement, loss of a loved one, health issues or loneliness. Loneliness is one of the main factors that can lead to depression in old age. Those who are living alone and don’t have any family or friends around are more likely to become depressed. It has been found that another significant cause of depression in later life is associated with the struggles to accomplish daily life activities. By just being surrounded by friends and family or someone that is supportive can really help with depression. Also by being physically, mentally and socially active can help an elderly overcome their depression.

According to the histogram the mean is 7.4 and the standard deviation is 2.075 of the variable “How satisfied with job”.

The first individual variable is “Location”. We can characterize it as a categorical variable. For this reason, its (the “Location”) three subcategories are Urban, Suburban and Rural. Because, it’s a categorical variable, the events and measures of its central tendency and descriptive statistics cannot be calculated. However, we count: