Norovirus Case Studies

Coughing and sneezing can spread the viruses easily. Infected stool may be infectious, such as changing a diaper or children use hands to touch their stool before touching another objects and put in their mouths..

On reflection I have learned by being with the IPCT the importance of sending samples off when the first episode of diarrhoea and vomiting occurs leasing with team members. The IPCT emphasises prompt screening of suspecting patients for a norovirus as early detection of the signs can prevent an outbreak on the ward. I have become aware that the mode of transmission of norovirus means it is not always possible to avoid becoming infected (Nursing Times 2011). The trust provides mandatory training to inform nursing staff on the most recent infection control measures in practice. Hence, good hygiene and the isolation of infected individuals can limit the spread. Good communication is important with all visitors and staff, including cleaners.

The prototype of norovirus was identified in 1968 by electron microscopy as a cause of Gastroenteritis in Norwalk, Ohio. Human noroviruses are a major cause of Epidemic Gastroenteritis, and Epidemic Gastroenteritis is a major cause of foodborne illness. Outbreaks occur throughout the year, but it is most common in the winter. Causes 19-21 million cases of acute gastroenteritis, and contributes to 56,000-71,000 hospitalizations and 570-800 deaths, mostly among young children and older adults. Responsible for 58% of domestically-acquired foodborne illnesses, and about 50% of foodborne disease outbreaks due to known agents.

In addition, risk assessments should be undertaken for example; each person who has a catheter; PEG feed; pressure sore; or other factor which makes them more susceptible to the risk of infection. Ultimately anyone within the home who can cause infection are subject to risk assessment under the COSHH Regulations and Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1992. It is important that infected residents are isolated and infected staff excluded from work, until 48 hours after the symptoms have settled. Management of cases should be planned following a risk assessment, which should consider continence, personal hygiene, overall health, likelihood of physical contact with other residents or their food, the facilities available and the vulnerability of other residents. The local HPU can advise on this process. Infected residents should, if possible, have sole use of a designated toilet or commode as long as their symptoms persist. In the case of a likely norovirus infection, they should keep a designated toilet facility for 48 hours after their symptoms have settled.

To prevent and control the infection and the measures that are to be taken by the facility to limit the spread of norovirus is that the organisation should have signs saying that there are some infected patients. Making sure of having a proper hand hygiene and wash the laundry thoroughly and make sure to disinfect the clothes. Usage of proper Personal Protection Equipment and sterilize the suspected

The outbreak started on January 11th when almost 550 people became sick. 542 of the report people who became sick ate from El Toro in Tacoma. The other 22 people were infected from chain restaurants near by. These people have gotten sick from a WA-area norovirus with the Tacoma area. Residents of separate households began to send reports to the health department of possible food poisoning on January 5. All of these residents have recently eaten at the Tacoma restaurant. Everyone who has come forward has been treated. There is no incite if anyone have died.

One of the first places that will be discussed where outbreaks have taken place is in nursing homes. In most of these cases, it was believed to be brought into the facility by contaminated food or water from an outside vendor. However, once it began to infect a few residents it quickly spread from person to person among the residents. It is easily spread in these type of facilities due to the tight living conditions that place more than one person in each room, the lower levels of cleanliness that result from residence who cannot move, are incontinent, or suffering from reduces mental capacities.

Many people are infected each year by what is known as the stomach flu. Little do you know that the stomach flu is part of the Norwalk Virus. Norwalk Virus also known as Norovirus is an extremely contagious virus. This virus causes your intestines and or stomach to inflame which leads you to have stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, and puking.

Elderly patients residing in long-term care facilities are vulnerable to influenza outbreaks which might cause widespread illness with a high fatality rate. To fight off outbreaks, all long-term care facility residents and health care personnel must be vaccinated against

It was indeed a great pleasure to read your interpretation of the Norovirus in Vermont. I would like to share my point of view as it relates to the similarities and differences from the outbreak of Norovirus in Vermont to the outbreak of Botulism in Argentina.

It is pertinent to understand the dissemination process of Norovirus. The most common way of Norovirus transmission is through direct contact with the infected person. Person shedding the virus is highly contagious. Being in a semi-closed environment with an infected person, such as a common room in a nursing home can also facilitate infection. Another method of catching the Norovirus is by faecal-oral route. It can happen by touching surfaces contaminated with vomit and/or faeces from an infected person, as well as touching other fomite harbouring the virus. In addition to that, consumption of contaminated food and shellfish is also associated with transmission of the. Knowledge in Norovirus transmission process is necessary in devising

To reduce the spread, treat enterovirus like the flu: wash hands often with soap; avoid touching mouth, nose and eyes; avoid kissing, hugging, and sharing utensils or cups with people who are sick; cover coughs and sneezes. Providers and healthcare personnel should use standard precautions. Even though EV-D68 causes respiratory illness, droplet precautions should also be considered appropriate infection control.

This particular virus’s host is only humans. We can get the virus two way, one, by inhaling the virus after someone sneezes or coughs. And two,

SARS appears to spread by close person-to-person contact. It is thought that transmission is most readily occurred through respiratory droplets. These can be produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets are propelled through the air and are deposited on the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or eyes of a person that is nearby. It is also possible that the virus can spread when a person touches a surface or object contaminated with infectious droplets and then touches their mouth, nose, or eyes. Furthermore, it is possible that SARS-CoV might be airborne spread or by other methods that are not yet known.

     Person to person transmission can occur through poor hygiene habits or by handling human waste. Daycares and nursing homes are at a high risk for person to person transmission because of the high risk of handling infected feces. Family outbreaks are common, as are outbreaks among children at nurseries (Donnelly & Stentiford, 1997).