Norovirus Research Paper

Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.

The outbreak started on January 11th when almost 550 people became sick. 542 of the report people who became sick ate from El Toro in Tacoma. The other 22 people were infected from chain restaurants near by. These people have gotten sick from a WA-area norovirus with the Tacoma area. Residents of separate households began to send reports to the health department of possible food poisoning on January 5. All of these residents have recently eaten at the Tacoma restaurant. Everyone who has come forward has been treated. There is no incite if anyone have died.

The virus has received its name from its birth in Norwalk Ohio. It was responsible for a short term outbreak of gastroenteritis occurring in the students of Bronson elementary school in November of 1968. It wasn’t until 1972 the virus was examined and received its name as the Norwalk virus. Since its known birth, there have been many outbreaks with similar symptoms reported. It is believed the virus may belong to the family Caliciviridae. The Norwalk virus is actually part of a group of single-stranded RNA, non-enveloped viruses. Once a person is infected with the virus it begins to copy itself within small intestines. The symptoms would develop between 12 and 48 hours and tend to last 1-3 days.

The virus has received its name from its birth in Norwalk Ohio. It was responsible for a short term outbreak of gastroenteritis occurring in the students of Bronson elementary school in November of 1968. It wasn’t until 1972 the virus was examined and received its name as the Norwalk virus. Since its known birth,

Taking a cruise can be a fun and amazing experience, but what about the hidden illnesses? Many cruises have had the so called Norovirus onboard, and that has kept many people from sailing. I personally think that if the right measures are taken, such as washing your hands and using the utensils when getting the food from the buffet, everything will be okay.

Norwalk virus is a spherical single-stranded RNA virus. This virus is alive and can stay on objects and surfaces and still infect people for days or weeks. It can survive some disinfectants which makes it even harder to get rid of. Anyone can get Norwalk virus. Each year, norovirus causes 56,000 to 71,000 hospitalizations and 570 to 800 deaths, mostly in young children and the elderly. This virus causes

Many people are affected each year by what is usually misdiagnosed as the “stomach flu”. The official medical term for this illness is Norovirus, but is also known as Norwalk Virus. It was first seen in 1968 at Bronson Elementary School in Norwalk, Ohio. The first outbreak occurred at the elementary school, infecting 116 of the 223 students and teachers. Norovirus is a contagious virus that can lead to an infection called acute gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, which results in diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. In the United States alone, 19-21 million cases, 56,000-71,000 hospitalizations, and 570-800 deaths are reported each year (CDC).

Noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans, and affect people of all ages. Norovirus infection is characterised by nausea, forceful vomiting, watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. General lethargy, weakness, muscle aches, headache, and low-grade fever may occur. The disease is usually self-limiting,

Norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. Infection is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain, and fever or headaches may also occur. This usually develops 12 to 48 hours after being exposed. Individuals with norovirus may vomit and have diarrhea many times a day, leading to extreme dehydration, especially in young children, older adults, and people with other illnesses. The recovery typically occurs within 1 to 3 days.

The norovirus is small and round. It is only 27-35 nm in diameter. The virus contains a single- stranded RNA genome. Noroviruses are divided into five genogroups, G1- G5. Of these five genogroups, only G1, G2, and G4 are known to infect humans. G2 is the most common in adult cases of gastroenteritis. 1 “Noroviruses are not enveloped and contain an outer protein capsid encapsulating an RNA genome.”2

The US 95/96 was the first reported pandemic GII.4 strain which caused 55% outbreaks of AGE in the US during the winter of 1995-1996 (70). This variant later spread to five different continents including Australia, where it was prevalent from 1997-2000 (71, 72). In 2002, a new GII.4 variant emerged which was associated with 64% of NoV outbreaks on cruise ships and 45% land-based outbreaks in the US (15). NoV illness caused by the 2002 variant was also significantly observed in Europe and Canada (39, 73). This variant was named the Farmington Hills virus which was replaced by the Hunter 2004 strain that first appeared in NSW in February 2004 (74). Subsequent outbreaks associated with the Hunter virus were reported in New Zealand, Japan,

Education and training about the risks of Norovirus is one of the most important, if not most important, form of precaution. Staff of the aged-care facility must be adept to recognize early signs of outbreak, be prepared and knowledgeable to swiftly manage the outbreak and reduce their susceptibility to the outbreak as well. Having the right knowledge and skill in infection control, the nurses in the aged-care can provide optimum care for the elderly patient.

Human norovirues (HuNoVs) are highly contagious and cause gastrointestinal illnesses in humans. This virus rapidly spreads amongst people through feces or the consumption of contaminated food or water, causing strain on the economy due to health care costs and the loss of productivity by infected workers. Healthy adults were studied, to prove the hypothesis regarding the replication of noroviruses in different environments. Tests were done to demonstrate that human intestinal enteroids (HIE), the group of cultures that compromise the inner surfaces the small and large intestine, do support HuNoV growth. The positive results of these tests suggests that HuNoVs do not require bacteria for infection. Further studies conclude that HuNoVs are able

It was indeed a great pleasure to read your interpretation of the Norovirus in Vermont. I would like to share my point of view as it relates to the similarities and differences from the outbreak of Norovirus in Vermont to the outbreak of Botulism in Argentina.

This paper presents the principles of infection control and management of Norovirus outbreak in an aged-care facility. Firstly, a scenario of the case is provided. Also, a brief description of Norovirus and the current trend in Australia is illustrated. It is followed by the three important issues to be addressed relevant to the case: (1) transmission of Norovirus in a nursing home, (2) important precautions to limit the spread of the infection, and (3) special nursing requirements of the elderly patients. In order to manage the outbreak effectively, this paper will assert the importance of rapid detection of outbreak and implementation of good infection control protocol. Furthermore, this paper will also promote the quality of residents