North American Monsoon

Since air masses come and go in a predictable way meteorologist or able to predict weather patterns with some accuracy. Every weather prediction is based on the chance that the weather conditions will act together in a certain way. However, forecasts can be wrong. Some general patterns help meteorologists predict weather for a local area. Moving weather conditions are causes by winds around the earth. However, geographic features in your area such as large bodies of water and mountains can affect local weather. For example, if you live near the Atlantic Ocean, conditions to the east often influence your weather. And whether you live near the east coast or west coast, temperatures near the ocean may be higher than they are even short distances inland. The heat-holding ability of large bodies of water causes warming of the air along the coast. In a city such as Chicago, which is located on Lake Michigan, forecasters often give two sets of information: one for people living within 5-10 miles of the lake, and the second for people in outlying areas. In the spring, for example, it's generally warmer in the outlying areas than it is closer to the lake. I got this information off of this website ----http://www.ussartf.org/predicting_weather.htm I copy and pasted the parts that were really easy for me to

It is important to understand the various cycles our atmosphere goes through due to how they affect our daily lives. The ENSO Cycle has a large impact globally and locally in California as we have seen with the long-term drought Southern California is currently in. The ENSO cycle can be defined by sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the Pacific Equatorial Area known as Nino 3.4 region (5oN-5oS, 120o-170oW). Unusually cooler waters (-.5 degrees centigrade) occurring for three consecutive months outlines a La Niña. La Niña’s bring wetter weather to Australia and Indonesia but often leaves the Eastern Pacific dry. Unlike La Niña’s, unusually warm water (+.5 degrees centigrade above average) occurring for 3 consecutive month’s outlines an

The Indus River is located on the northwestern part of the sub-continent with other rivers draining into it. Another river called the Ganges River was east of the Indus River. The climate was tropical and contained seasonal winds called monsoons. Monsoons during the winter were dry and went from land to the sea, letting little rain fall on the land. During summer monsoons wet winds go from ocean to land bringing rain with it. The mountain ranges, the Himalayas and Hindu Kush, were located near the north.

El Niño is an anomalous, yet periodic, warming of the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. During an El Niño, these trade winds weaken, and may at times reverse from west to east. The most persistent thunderstorms will shift from the western to the eastern and central Pacific Ocean in an El Niño. Day-to-day variability in the weather pattern, including blocking patterns, forcing from climate change and other factors all work together with El Niño to determine the overall weather experienced over the timeframe of a few months. El Niño's clearest impact on northern hemisphere weather patterns occurs from late fall through winter.

Addition, trade winds are part of a circulation of air. It starts when the air in the tropics rise. With that, the air that rises from the lowest of the atmosphere is replace by higher altitudes wind, that’s called Hadley Cell. However, George Hadley initiated why the trade winds blow only from the east. He realized that the winds that moves toward the equator came from less velocity. But once enter a region

Climate is the weather conditions over a long period of time over an area. During the long period of time revolution and seasons occur. Weather is the patterns present in a shorter period of time. One factor that determines an area’s climate is temperature and precipitation (any form of liquid or solid water particles that fall from the atmosphere) which plays an important role in regulating the temperature of both land and air. The amount of heat absorbed and the amount of heat released also have influences on the temperature and precipitation. Water heats up and cools down slower than land, on hot days water cools the land and on cold days it warms the land. This creates a reducing effect so that areas with high precipitation and locations near bodies of water don’t experience the temperature extremes that drier climates do. An example are the deserts and the oceans, since deserts don’t have oceans they are cooler at night and hotter during the day. Climate is not to be confused with temperature. Temperature is different from climate since temperature usually refers to heat, precipitation, foggy and etc and it actually helps determine the climate over an area, some factors of temperature are latitude, revolution, and rotation.

The monsoons that plague China are caused by a variety of factors, mainly because of contrasting temperatures between the Pacific Ocean and the Chinese continent. This temperature disparity is exaggerated with the changing of seasons as land temperatures fluctuate more rapidly than those of water.21 H.H. Lamb argues in Climate, History and the Modern World that the latitude of Southeast Asia also plays a factor in the prevalence of monsoons affecting China.22

7. Warm ENSO episodes result in abnormally wet conditions over northern Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines in both winter and summer seasons.

El Nino is a phenomena that occurs when the ocean and the atmosphere collide. The warm atmosphere mixes with the water and creates a moisture in the air creating a low pressure system. A high pressure system is created when the cold water reduces the air above it. During a low pressure system the air becomes moist and can create severe tropical storms, on the other hand when there is a high pressure system the cold dry air goes back down and takes away all of the moisture. When combined this can create a high and low pressure forcing the wind in the atmosphere to blow low and the higher air blows higher, causing the ocean to react. The ocean is home to many things including an invisible boundary called the thermocline which divides the warm mixed water on top and the cold calm water on the bottom. When there is a shallow thermocline this creates a small trace of warm water, and a deep thermocline hints there 's a large amount of warm water. Because warm water takes up more space than cold water, the sea level is higher when the thermocline is deep and lower when the thermocline is shallow. We are now aware of a phenomenon similar to El Niño called La Niña, in which conditions are opposite to those of El Niño. El Nino is a phenomena in which warm atmosphere mixes with the water and creates a moisture in the air creating a low pressure system. The ocean is home to many things including an invisible boundary called the thermocline which divides the warm mixed water on top and

The expectations I held when first given this assignment are echoed in the conceptual models presented in the guidance document: locations situated close to the ocean ought to exhibit cooler temperatures during the summer months while maintaining slightly warmer temperatures during the winter and that more inland locations should display slightly higher temperatures within the summer time but lower temperatures during the winter months. This expectation was largely influenced by the knowledge I have incurred while living in a coastal area: wind and surf carry cooler air to the coast during the summer while carrying warmer air to land during the winter.

In 1999-2001, the La Nina years, there were 16-18 tropical systems formed in the Atlantic. Two to five tropical systems hit the Western Gulf Coast. In the Pacific, there were more than 33 tropical systems formed each year, while 5-8 tropical storms hit the Philippines. There were less systems hitting Japan during El Nino years (Unisys).

The location of tropical storms shifts eastward during an El Niño because atmospheric moisture is

When the pressure is ‘high’ it means that the air’s pressure is higher than the pressure of the surrounding air in the area. A ‘low’ is where it is lower. This means that where the air is slowly descending the pressure is high and vice versa. So, as air descends, it warms, which inhibits the formation of clouds. This means that the air that descends in high pressure area has to get to high altitudes in some way which is why air actually rises in low pressure areas. Winds tend to blow into low pressure areas because are moves from higher pressure areas into lower pressure areas. When the wind moves into a low area the air moves up and eventually cools and rainfall comes about. Also the low pressure that causes the air to rise has to do with the Criolis Effect, which is the force caused by the Earth’s spin that redirects moving air to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. According to meteorologist Tony Pann, who works with Coriolis Effect stated, “With the Coriolis effect, air circulates in patterns that depend on latitude. At the mid-latitudes of the USA, most weather systems move from west to east. However, systems tend to move from east to west near the poles and in the tropic” (Pann). The upslope flow is also related low pressure areas which is basically the result of air rising and cooling while being forced to ascend to higher terrain.

Currently a number of studies have been focused on OND rainfall variability over East African region since it has shown more inter-annual variability than long rainy season in MAM (Hastenrath et al., 1993; Black et al., 2003). It was considered that rainfall in East Africa was influenced by ENSO (Indeje et al., 2000). However, in some extent Black, 2005 noted that East African rainfall is connected with ENSO and IOD. Previously it was assumed that the Indian Ocean did not have an inter-annual ocean–atmosphere coupling cycle, it was being forced primarily by the annual monsoon cycle and connection with global scale oceanic circulations systems such as ENSO and Tropical Atlantic Variability (TVA). But the work done by Saji et al., 1999

During 2012 ISMR, there was high aerosol loading over the region in June and due to late arrival of monsoons the region witnessed low rainfall intensity. This can be inferred from the low values of seasonally averaged CER and LWP, and also from the monthly AOF and COF plots. This explains the microphysical effect dominating over the region. Rest of the months had normal rainfall events over the region and the same was observed in the rainfall deviation plots.