Notes On Chromatography

2. Explain your observations in detail in terms of concentration gradient, diffusion, osmosis, osmotic pressure, passive transport, and active transport.

The phase diagram is a simulator representing how much pressure can be added and the different forms of your substance (whether it's liquid, solid or gas.) in different environments and put to observation tests. The three regions are solid, liquid and gas. Gas when heated spreads everywhere and moves rapidly. When gas is frozen it falls to the bottom and gets stuck together as if it was a solid or a liquid. Liquid when heated boils, then turns into gas and builds up pressure. Eventually enough pressure to blow the lid off. Liquid when frozen turns into a solid. Solids when heated turns into a liquid, then soon evaporates and becomes a gas. When a solid is frozen it stays as a solid.

If a sample’s Rf is lower, that means that it remained closer to the stationary phase. In both variations of the experiment, red dye #40 remained the closest to the stationary phase (on average). Therefore, the red dye #40 had the lowest rate of flow value. The intermolecular forces of the red dye are responsible for its low distance traveled. The molecules of the chromatography paper have strong intermolecular bonds that are highly polar. The red dye is attracted to the paper because of their similar characteristics. The negative and positive ends of both the paper molecules and the red dye #40 molecules attract to each other. It is extremely difficult for the isopropyl alcohol and the sodium chloride solutions to interfere with the bonds of paper and ready dye #40, as a result, both solutions are unable to fully dissolve red dye #40. . NaCl and isopropyl alcohol have very strong intermolecular forces, but the forces of the paper’s molecule were able to attract red dye #40 because they were even

Which one of the statements concerning valence bond (VB) and molecular orbital (MO) bond theories is correct?

The stationary phase will absorb or slow down different components of the tested solution to different degrees creating layers as the components of the solution are separated. Chromatography was invented by the Russian botanist, Mikhail Tsvet. Chemists use this process to identify unknown substances by separating them into the different molecules that make them up.

PHASE:A phase is the shift in the waveform w.r.t the time.It can be described as the shift in the signal along the time axis .It is measurd in radians and degree.

The phase in mitosis which chromatin begins to coil and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

osmosis- a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane

Pigments extracted from different greens have different polarities and may be different colors. Mixed pigments can be separated using chromatography paper. Chromatography paper is able to separate mixed pigments due to their polarity and solubility. Pigments of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and beta carotene will be separated on chromatography paper because each has its own polarity and solubility, which results in different distance traveled up the paper. Beta carotene is non-polar so it travels the highest distance, followed by chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b is the most polar; therefore, it travels the shortest distance. The separated pigments on the chromatography paper can be eluted in acetone and absorbance spectrum is

After the solid is separated from the liquid it is allowed to dry so any liquid stuck to the substance will just evaporate away and you are left with a pure substance.

Chromatography is a separation technique in which the mixture to be separated is dissolved in a solvent and the resulting solution, often called the mobile phase, is then passed through or over another material, the stationary phase. The separation of the original mixture depends on how strongly each component is attracted to the stationary phase. Substances that are attracted strongly to the stationary phase will be retarded and not move alone with the mobile phase. Weakly attracted substances will move more rapidly with the mobile phase.

Resting phase: More appropriately called interphase. The interval in the cell cycle between two cell divisions when the individual chromosomes cannot be distinguished, interphase was once thought to be the resting phase but it is far from a time of rest for the cell. It is the time when DNA is replicated in the cell nucleus.

every phase a tone setting phase, exploratory phase, and the resolution phase to be able to

As the solvent moves past the spotted mixture, two opposing forces created by the solvent and the adsorbent influence the mixture. Each component can either dissolve in the mobile solvent or remain adsorbed to the stationary adsorbent. This process generates an equilibrium, as some components are adsorbed and others are dissolved and transported with the solvent until they are readsorbed further along the plate. The different tendencies of each component to comply with the subjected forces may result in a successfully separated mixture on the plate.

Checking whether it is stationary or non-stationary will be carried out by finding the p values (the level of significance is set at 0.05), which then shows whether the null hypothesis is rejected or accepted with 95% probability.