Notes On Hiv And Tb Newtb

According to the World Health Organization, tuberculosis (TB) is the number two killer worldwide due to a single infectious agent (WHO, 2017). In 2015, 10.4 million new cases have been identified and 1.8 million people have died from this disease (WHO, 2017). TB is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium TB, and the majority of TB deaths occur in low and middle-income countries. This disease is curable and preventable, but the lack of access to proper healthcare and medication administration makes it a concern for the most of the world’s population. TB is an airborne disease that can transmit when an infected person coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs, or talks. The majority of TB cases can be cured when the right medications are available and

TB infection occurs through inhalation of Mtb containing airborne droplets dispersed from a TB infected person by coughing or sneezing. When the inhaled droplets reach the alveolar region of the lungs, the Mtb is quickly phagocytized by alveolar macrophages and other phagocytic cells, including neutrophils, monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells [4]. The phagocytic cells most often kill the entered Mtb by phagosome-lysosome fusion. However, Mtb can inhibit the phagosome-lysosome fusion by blocking V-ATPase expression and increasing the accumulation of tryptophan-aspartate-containing coat protein around the phagosome membrane [5-7]. In addition, by generation of catalases, peroxidases and superoxide dismutases, Mtbs become resistant to macrophage attack, which allows them to persist in the macrophages.

Tuberculosis, also known as “consumption” was a lethal disease that started spreading rapidly from family to family in parts of New England in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, not much was known about the disease in those times, leading people to start to suspect that vampires were the cause of the deaths. In an effort to protect their families and community, some people resorted to old-folk remedies, rooted from Europe. They exhumed the bodies of deceased relatives who died of consumption and checked to see if they had “fresh,” circulating, liquid blood in their hearts, which would indicate that the deceased had become a vampire. They believed that one of the relatives was not completely dead and was “draining” the life of his living relatives by stealing their blood and essentially placing it in his own corpse’s heart. In order to stop further spread of the disease, once it is discovered which of the deceased had become a vampire, the corpse’s vital organs such as his heart and lungs are removed and burned to ashes. Burning the heart to ashes fastens the drying of the fresh, liquid blood, which kills the vampire for good in the process. Additionally, many believed that consuming the vampire’s burned ashes acts as a cure for the living relatives that are infected with consumption (Bell 124-140).

In the United States (US) there are currently 1.2 million people infected/living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The HIV epidemic in the US is concentrated in the following at risk populations and geographic area: (1) Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with other men of all races/ethnicities (high burden of HIV among Black gay and bisexual men), (2) Black women and men, (3) Latinos/Latinas, (4) People who inject drugs (PWID), (5) Youth ages 13 to 24 years (high burden of HIV among young Black gay and bisexual men), (6) People in the Southern US, (7) Transgender women (high burden of HIV among Black transgender women) (The White

Amy, great presentation on TB. The presentation seemed to be very through and cover information about TB well. I appreciate this information. I used to float at the clinic that I work at and it was always intimidating when and individual would be coming into infectious disease for TB. I was not aware of the correlation between TB and AIDs, but it makes since. Many of the risk factors that you have listed did seem to be present with many of the patients that we saw for TB. Other groups that seem to have a high rate of TB are homeless people, immunocompromised individuals, and injection drug users. I was familiar with TB being more prevalent in immunocompromised individuals in general because when we gave routine immunocompromising medications a TB test had to be completed yearly. This is because Illinois and our county are at high risk.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2014, 9.6 million Americans were infected with the Tuberculosis (TB) disease. Over the years many programs and initiatives have been implemented to decrease the occurrences of TB disease in America. As long individuals are educated on the prevention of tuberculosis fatal complications can be prevented through early treatment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the description of Tuberculosis and the demographic of interest, determinants of health and how determinants contribute to the development of Tuberculosis, epidemiologic triangle, role of the community health nurse, and the World Health Organization that works to address

On May 2007, there was an international manhunt for Andrew Speaker. His face was plastered all over the news and there was an urgency to capture him. For a brief period he was the most wanted individual in the United States and finding his location at that current time was of the upmost priority (Altman, 2007). The only crime Andre had committed was that fact that he was in cohorts with Tuberculosis. When they finally found him, they put him in quarantine. Why this grave precaution? What had made him the most wanted man in the world and what is the story behind Tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis or TB is an infectious disease in which there is a growth of nodules (tubercles) in tissues and lungs.

Tuberculosis is not only an infectious disease; this disease also raises questions in regards to social awareness on the individual level on how it can affect each and every community around the world so differently. TB, this infectious disease, is not only a medical condition that needs to be treated yet it brings psychological approaches. Psychological approaches that include finding an improved management method so that the community affected is able to accept the issues and react to them. Finding the social factors by developing creative approaches within the complex society by utilizing the good intentions and interactions within the society. By properly approaching the disease to

The problem or the most important factor towards the spread of TB was the issue regarding close living environments. This promotes the spread of germs, and airborne bacteria allowing the disease to infect the living area and other people as well. They tried to intervene and educate the public on the disease itself, including the dangers and basic knowledge in an attempt to slow the local spread and prevent more infections. I believe this was the correct method of intervention, and If I were the public health leader in that area, I would do the exact same thing because I believe in a horizontal form of public health which starts by basic education and increasing exigence of the disease. If you are to wipe out a disease, it will help in the long

“We cannot win the battle against AIDS if we do not also fight TB. TB is too often a death sentence for people with AIDS. It does not have to be this way. We have known how to cure TB for more than 50 years. What we have lacked is the will and the resources to quickly diagnose people with TB and get them the treatment they need.”

Now that you have been diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) disease, let us talk about some of the medications, known as anti-tuberculosis medications, the doctor is likely to prescribe. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are ten different drugs that can be used to treat TB, with the “first-line anti-TB” medications being: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), etherambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA) (CDC, 2016). These are taken in pill form, by mouth. The two phases of treatment are the intensive phase, where you will take INH, RIF, PZA, and EMB; and the continuation phase, where you will be taking INH and RIF. There are a few different options for dosing. The CDC states that for the intensive phase you

Tuberculosis (TB) is an acute or chronic bacterial infection caused by several micro-organisms, of which the most common is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) also known as tuberculosis bacillus. Worldwide, TB is responsible for the most causes of death out of any infectious disease. It is currently estimated that two billion people, globally, are infected with the disease among which there are 15 million infected people in the United States. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) (2014), in 2013 worldwide, nine million people exhibited signs for active TB while one and a half million deaths were attributed to the disease. Although modern vaccines and antibiotics have greatly decreased the mortality rate of the disease, the

Tuberculosis is defined as a serious, infectious disease that is known to target one of the body’s main, vital organs, the lungs. Tuberculosis (TB) is a mycobacterium disease and is air bourn spread. An air bourn spread disease can be contracted from simply one person sneezing around you who is infected. Tuberculosis presents itself as a Public Health issue. In epidemiological perspective, researchers have dedicated enormous amounts of time and money into the prevention of TB. I believe that TB is in interest to the public because of its fatal consequence and its ability to go from host to host in a very timely manner. TB epidemics began to increase in the 1980’s due to larger sums of people who were inflected with HIV. (1998). When infected with HIV the human immune system becomes very weak and fragile and cannot fight off bad bacteria. Organizations in Canada such as the Public Health Network Council and Canada’s Center for Disease Control work on the prevention of Fatal diseases such as TB. The Pan- Canadian Public Health Network also provides Canadians the information that they need to know on infectious diseases and provides preventative techniques. Managing TB is an art, as well as a science. The quote by the World Health Organization sums it up pretty well. “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. ” As well as being physically “scientifically” healthy, the mental health aspect needs to

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).