Notes On Properties Of Birnaviruses

The article first addresses the issue of whether or not to consider viruses as living. Although viruses used to be thought of as being biological chemicals due to the fact that they consist of nucleic acids

* Flaviviruses: share a common size (40-60nm), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases), and appearance in the electron microscope. Therefore, images of West Nile virus are representative for this group of viruses.

A virus is a small capsule that contains DNA or RNA, viruses, unlike bacteria are not self sufficient and need a host in

The virus fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane. The capsid proteins are removed, releasing the viral proteins and RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a second DNA strand complementary to the first. The double-stranded DNA is incorporated as a provirus into the cell’s DNA. Proviral genes are transcribed into RNA molecules, which serve as genomes for the next viral generation and as mRNAs for translation into viral proteins. The viral proteins include capsid proteins and reverse transcriptase (made in the cytosol) and envelope glycoproteins (made in the ER). Vesicles transport the glycoproteins from the ER to the cell’s plasma membrane. Capsids are assembled around viral genomes and reverse transcriptase molecules. New viruses bud off from the host cell.

Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.

I frantically scanned the pages of the investigation, to find the genetic mutation in the killer virus that was quickly causing the most devastating pandemic in human history. It was imperative to find the genetic mutation, because it was that gene which allowed the virus to impersonate its host’s domestic cells, making any treatment virtually impossible.

There is still a great deal of information to learn from the study of viruses and the continued exploration of the viral genome is crucial in understanding how viruses communicate, transmit from host to host and evade immune responses. The ever-change nature of the viral genome has shown us that the most dangerous viral infections of today may be undermined by newer and more effective viruses, resulting in catastrophic outcomes. Through the study of viruses, it is the hope of the scientific community to be ahead of the viral curve, preventing infections before they even

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) from genus henipa virus are zoonotic paramyxovirus; they can cause disease which is passed between animals and humans (1). Hendra virus was first detected in humans in Australia in 1994 with horses as intermediate host. Fruit bats of Pteropous species of Australian flying fox show serological evidence of early exposure to Hendra virus (2).

You have been receiving these symptoms for the following reasons, your viral infection, Coxsackievirus B1 which you had over 6 months ago, has increased your chances of diabetes due to the immune system incorrectly targeting the pancreas which makes insulin. Insulin allows glucose into the cells, however diabetes stops or decreases the amount to insulin being created, when this happens glucose is stuck in the blood stream and not in the cells therefore raising the blood sugar levels. The increase of glucose in your blood is making your kidney work overtime to filter and absorb the food. When the kidney can’t keep up the need to urinate which will be leaving your body dehydrated creating you to drink more water making you need to urinate even more.

The norovirus is small and round. It is only 27-35 nm in diameter. The virus contains a single- stranded RNA genome. Noroviruses are divided into five genogroups, G1- G5. Of these five genogroups, only G1, G2, and G4 are known to infect humans. G2 is the most common in adult cases of gastroenteritis. 1 “Noroviruses are not enveloped and contain an outer protein capsid encapsulating an RNA genome.”2

evolution characteristics allowed it to cross barrier species and therefore spread to mammals and domestic poultry1. It has caused several pandemic outbreaks in the human population during the last century, being the 1918 (The Spanish Flu) the most devastating one. In veterinary, mostly in poultry, it causes great economic losses. Any available prophylactic or therapeutic tool has been demonstrated ineffective due to the peculiar escaping characteristics of the virus. The general characteristics of IAV and its evolution are briefly reviewed here.

The negative-sense, single-stranded RNA influenza virus belong to the family of Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza viruses are causes human respiratory infections and represent a major public health burden worldwide. Especially, Influenza outbreaks have high rate of mortality in elderly, infants, and people with chronic diseases (1). In the last 100 years, there have been 3 main influenza pandemics was identified, such as 1918 (Spanish flu, H1N1), 1957 (Asian flu, H2N2), and 1968 (the Hong Kong flu, H3N2). Among those pandemics, the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic is one of the worst pandemic in 1900s history and that caused 50-100 million people died worldwide. The 1957 and 1968 pandemics were also killed approximately 1 million people. In 2009, the most recent influenza pandemic (Swine flu, H1N1) was emerged and infected over 200 countries and killed estimated 500,000-1,000,000 deaths (3, 4).

The monkeypox virus belongs to Poxviridae family, which also includes cowpox, vaccinia, and variola (smallpox) viruses. Poxviruses are the largest vertebrate viruses known, infecting humans, and other vertebrates (species of sub-family Chondropoxvirinae), and arthropods (species of sub-family Entemopoxvirinae). There are around 70 known species of pox viruses spread among 28 genera and two sub-families (the Chordopoxvirinae and the Entomopoxvirinae). The virions contain a linear double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) genome and enzymes that synthesize messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). They multiply in the cytoplasm of the host cells.

This little package of mayhem consists of relatively few parts. A virus is simply a protein capsule called a capsid, sometimes surrounded by an envelope, containing a genome. The genome consists of nucleic acids arranged as DNA or less commonly, RNA. Dozens of variants of this fundamental arrangement exist with differences in the structure of the capsule and the arrangement of the genome. Small differences or changes in these components allow some viruses to continue to outmaneuver researchers, while millions of dollars are spent trying to understand and eliminate them.

material of some viruses. RNA molecules are like DNA. They have a long chain of