Notes On The Great Lakes

Early farmers in Europe and elsewhere practiced shifting cultivation, also known as swidden agriculture.Although the lands around the Mediterranean seem to have shared a complex of crops and farming techniques, geographical barriers blocked the spread elsewhere. Rainfall patterns south of the Sahara favored locally domesticated grains—sorghums, millets, and (in Ethiopia) teff—over wheat and barley. In the Americas a decline of game animals in the Tehuacán° Valley of Mexico after 8000 B.C.E. increased people’s dependence on wild plants. Agriculture based on maize (corn) developed there about 3000 B.C.E. and gradually spread. The first domesticated animal, the dog, may have helped hunters track game well before the Neolithic period. Later, animals initially provided meat but eventually supplied milk, wool, and energy as well.Meat eating did not decline during the revolution.

The Comanches, exceptional horsemen who dominated the Southern Plains, played a prominent role in Texas frontier history throughout much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Anthropological evidence indicates that they were originally a mountain tribe, a branch of the Northern Shoshones, who roamed the Great Basin region of the western United States as crudely equipped hunters and gatherers. Both cultural and linguistic similarities confirm the Comanches' Shoshone origins. The Comanche language is derived from the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family and is virtually identical to the language of the Northern Shoshones. Sometime during the late seventeenth century, the Comanches acquired horses, and that acquisition

Early settlement conditions – disease ridden small settlements originally established for the discovery of gold and profit. Not intended to become long term and inhabited by mainly young single men with few women or families.

For example, the people of the Eastern Woodlands would set controlled fires to the trees and plants in their area in order to allow new plants to grow in, and to make hunting easier. Furthermore, the Pueblo peoples north of Mexico developed irrigation systems to take advantage of the area’s scarce water supply. Finally, many of the native people in the Great Plains and Rockies would domesticate horses in order to use them to hunt, or during warfare.

3.Indians were very weak in New England.The Indians couldn't resist the English incursion.As more English settlers their was more confrontations between the Indians and whites.King Philip's war slowed the Westward march.

The Comanche were a fierce tribe who rivaled the Apaches and eventually ended up pushing them out of Texas. They originally lived in mountains until they acquired horses in the 1600s and became powerful and mobile, thus deciding to move southwest to find more mustangs, buffalo, and a warmer climate. Together with their exceptional fighting skills and horse riding skills, the Comanche quickly controlled most of the Plains region and became very wealthy. They were able to follow the buffalo as nomads and use this animal as a resource for almost everything. They also could trade their buffalo goods with other tribes and make a profit. The Comanche would skin the animal and use it for moccasins, leggings, breechcloths, teepee coverings, and skirts for men and women. The tribe was organized with a war chief and peace chief. The tribe believed in good and bad spirits including the Great Spirit which they would smoke a pipe to. Men in the tribe were warriors and would steal horses from other tribes and people. If they were killed the tribe would kill their horse also and put them in a trench.

Livestock and agriculture grown in Europe became important as the Columbian Exchange slowly overtook the Americas. Water and wind were harnessed for power on farms, and domesticated animals were a crucial element of farm life also. Pigs and sheep were the main source of meat and leather. Mules pulled

The spreading of horses additionally explains how the United States conquered what it did. The New World possessed no horses until the arrival of Europeans, creating an inability to travel, fight, or hunt as efficiently as Europeans before the late 17th century (Diamond 164). Had tribes like the Sioux acquired horses earlier, they may have developed more rapidly and had a better chance thwarting enemy Americans. Nevertheless, because the east-west axis favored the United States both in Eurasia and the New World, the consequences permitted ascension to a world power.

The Plains Indians were Arapaho, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Sioux were nomads who migrated across the grasslands from Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains and Canada down to Mexico. The plains Indians depended on buffalo and the white hunters threatened their means for survival.

The most important of all to the Northwest coast Indian peoples was the Raven. The Pueblo peoples lived in compact, permanent villages and resided in multifamily buildings. The women of a household cared for young children; cultivated spring-irrigated gardens.

Indians did many different things for themselves. Horses greatly increased human movement and activity on the plains, Such as bufflalo, dogs, housing, culture, trade,

The introduction of horses to Native Americans changed their life in both good and bad ways. The reason for this is because horses made farming more efficient. Horses could pull plows that were too heavy for the Natives. Horses also gave the Native Americans advantages in war by providing them a height advantage over their enemies. However, horses also brought many diseases that killed off most of the Natives. Tobacco is a great example of a new product that

In turn, the French protected the Indians and supplied them with guns, gunpowder, ammunition for hunting, and with provisions during harsh winters (Hough, xii). This European influence had radically changed the lives of the Great Lakes tribes. By the time of Pontiac’s boyhood, the stone and bone tools of his people had been replaced by steel axes, knives, and traps (Hough, viii).

With the whites moving in on the Black Hills in search for gold, they wanted to buy it from the Lakota people. Crazy Horse moved and set up camp around the area and led raids on the miners. With these attacks, the whites decided to build more forts in the Lakota area, and force all of the Lakota people into agencies. Crazy Horse and the people who had followed him believed that they had to drive out the whites, and that the buffalo would return.

71 percent of the earth’s surface is made of water. 97 percent of earths water is saline water and not safe for human consumption. This leaves just 3 percent of earth’s water as fresh water most of which is icecaps and glaciers. 68 percent of the fresh water on Earth is found in icecaps and glaciers. 30 percent of fresh water is found in ground water leaving around .3 percent of earth’s water as surface fresh water. Of the .3 percent of surface fresh water the great lakes make up 84% of North America 's surface fresh water and about 21% of the world 's supply of surface fresh water. ("Great Lakes Facts and Figures." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.)