Nox And The Respiratory System

Pollution continues to pose an enormous threat to residents of urban cities worldwide. In the August 2008 Monthly Update, it is stated that approximately 800,000 deaths each year can be attributed to outdoor air pollution, making pollution the single most harmful environmental hazard to human health in urban areas (Kallman). The fact that pollution kills hundreds of thousands of people each year alone portrays just how dangerous living in these conditions can be. Kallman writes about a study which proves an increase in upper respiratory diseases, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, and low birth weights when exposed to air pollutants (August 2008: Monthly Update). These can be very serious diseases and complications which, when contracted, can lead to death or very serious illnesses. There

Nitrogen oxide, when exposed over a long duration of time, can decrease lung function and also increase the chance of getting bronchitis, cough or phlegm, which is more likely to come into

Did you know many upper respiratory diseases such as asthma and others diseases like cataracts and skin cancer are aggravated by air pollution. The NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) states that “the following air pollutants are common triggers of asthma, ground level ozone, sulfur dioxide, fine particulate matter and nitrogen oxide.” Air pollution is the presence in or introduction into the air of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.

One sip of nitrate infused water wouldn't cause much if nay harm. But a steady supply of it could slowly but surly cause some severe physical issues. The anger is that you don't notice the effects right away. The

To ensure that adequate oxygen is available to the tissues, supplemental oxygen may be needed. Pulmonary injuries fall into several categories: upper airway injury; inhalation injury below the glottis, including carbon monoxide poisoning; and restrictive defects. Upper airway injury results from direct heat or edema. It is manifested by mechanical obstruction of the upper airway, including the pharynx and larynx. Because of the cooling effect of rapid vaporization in the pulmonary tract, direct heat injury does not normally occur below the level of the bronchus. Upper airway injury is treated by early intubation. Inhalation injury below the glottis results from inhaling the products of incomplete combustion or noxious gases. These products include carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, cyanide, ammonia, chlorine, phosgene, benzene, and halogens. The injury results directly from chemical irritation of the pulmonary tissues at the alveolar level. Inhalation injuries below the glottis cause loss of ciliary action, hypersecretion, severe mucosal edema, and possibly bronchospasm. The pulmonary surfactant is reduced, resulting in atelectasis (collapse of alveoli). Expectoration of carbon particles in the sputum is the cardinal sign of this injury. Carbon monoxide is probably the most common cause of inhalation injury because it is a

All effects of inhalants are harmful to the body. However, the short term effects on a person can be brutal. Immediately after inhaling, users feel intoxication and other side effects. These effects include slurred speech, dizziness, confusion, and uncoordinated movements. Furthermore, users may also experience nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, hallucinations, and delusions (“Inhalants“, 2010). Loss of inhibition has been reported by users as well as drowsiness and headaches. When a person inhales nitrites, the blood vessels are dilated, the heart rate is increased, and there is a sensation of heat and excitement that lasts several

This report will compare and contrast the characteristics and roles of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere and their relation to human activity and health. Three main missions, Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere, and Atmosphere Infrared Sounder, pertinent to this study are included. These missions are also compared and contrasted to each other, similar to the two gasses that are the focus of this report. Concerning the gasses, NO2 will be thoroughly discussed. What it is, how it forms and its relation to human activity are also encompassed. In addition to this topics, whether or not NO2’s effects are local and global and the reason it is being studied are conversed. The topics

I have put together our new Respiratory Chemical Inventory list. Our list is located in our yellow Material Safety Data Sheet binder.

These concerns are correct, however, in order for nitrate and nitrites to cause significant health damage, they need to be consumed in very large amounts. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, “Some people who ate food or drank fluids that contained unusually high concentrations of nitrite experienced methemoglobinemia (decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen to tissues).” Because of this, the EPA has established the maximum amount of nitrate and nitrite containment levels and The Food and Drug Administration regulates the amount of these chemicals allowed in bottled water. Drinking contaminated water has the potential of exceeding recommended limits and threatening the life of the

Nitrogen oxide can also be a harmful pollutant found in large cities. Lichens are affected by the amount of nitrogenous pollutants in an area, similar to how they are affected by sulfur dioxide. In future studies, we could potentially assess both sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide levels in the atmosphere by assessing the lichen population within that area. This can provide a larger amount of information

The two primary metabolic processes nitrates undergo are through the entero-salivary circulation pathway and the nitrate-nitrate-NO pathway (Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity 2013: Biologic Fate of Nitrates and Nitrites, 2013). Inorganic nitrates and nitrites consumed through food and water are first reduced in the oral cavity by bacteria present on the tongue. This reductive activity converts nitrates to nitrites where it can further be metabolized through the gastrointestinal tract. After conversion of nitrites to nitric oxide it is absorbed via the small intestine where it is distributed into circulation. Once the nitrites and nitric oxide enter the circulatory system it reaches target tissues where it may be used for cellular activity. It is found that 25% of nitrites are concentrated in the salivary

Nitrogen oxides are common pollutants found in most of the air in the United States. You can be exposed to nitrogen oxides outdoors by breathing air that contains it, especially if you live near a coal-burning electric power plant or areas with heavy motor vehicle traffic. You can be exposed to higher levels if air pollution and smog levels are high.

Since the Industrial Revolution, there has been an increased presence of pollutants and carcinogens in the environment, specif-ically in urban areas.1 The presence of airborne pollutants can lead to an increase in allergic reactions and asthma rates. A common airborne pollutant is carbon monoxide (CO), which is commonly found in diesel exhaust. It is an odorless gas produced from me-thane and non-methane hydrocarbon oxidation.2 The toxic gas eliminates and takes the place of oxygen in the form of carboxy-hemoglobin when it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. It also affects the binding sites of heme groups, which complicates the transfer of oxygen to tissues.3 The majority of deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning is brought on from car exhaust.4 Between the years 1979 and 1988, 57% of deaths from carbon monoxide poi-soning were brought from car exhaust. There tend to be higher rates of carbon monoxide poisoning from car exhaust in northern regions, where temperatures are relatively low (Figure 1). 5

Recent research shows that titanium dioxide can be used as a photocatalystic property to reduce pollutants. This was first discovered by Fujishima and Honda in 1972, where the photocatalystic properties of titanium dioxide were found to be applicable. It was shown that by converting ultraviolet light energy, this compound acts as a catalyst to produce hydroxyl in the presence of moisture in the air. Hydroxl then can oxidize and convert these harmful pollutants to HNO3. The reason that this is useful is because nitrogen oxide is a common pollutant which has many adverse effects to society. Nitrogen oxides may form into nitric acid which contributes to acid rain, and it also chemically reacts to sunlight and changes into ozone which additionally has many adverse health effects for living organisms and non-living things alike. The health related issues are a major reason to reduce emissions of NOx because although health is important, money is an issue as well. In California an independent study conducted from 2005 to 2007 found that nearly 30,000 visits in the state were due to California failing to meet both federal and state standards for PM and ozone. This data comes from statistics of hospital reports for respiratory, cardiovascular, and asthma attacks. Even though the study estimates were on the conservative side, it was estimated that the cost of un-attainment to the state between that 3 year periods was 193 million dollars. And because the majority of residence

Nitric oxide is another oxide in the atmosphere that is formed when nitrogen and oxygen react due to high temperatures of lightning: N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g). Other sources of nitric oxide from industrial sources include the combustion of fossil fuels both in cars and in power stations. The nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen in the hot engines. Another oxide that occurs in the atmosphere is nitrogen dioxide which is produced after nitric oxide is produced by lightning and reacts with the oxygen in the air: (2NO (g) + O2 (g) NO2 (g)), it is also released in large volumes in the atmosphere by power stations. Nitrous oxide is an oxide that occurs on root nodules of legume