Nt1310 Unit 1 Exercise 1

In order to avoid this problem, a technique called probability distribution algorithm is introduced. In probability distribution algorithm, the random traffic between the primary network users are analyzed. The nearby nodes behaviors are learnt by the secondary node. The probability of the traffic in the neighboring nodes are studied by the node that tries to transmit data. When the traffic is free then the secondary node establishes the connection. If there is traffic then the secondary node searches for other nodes. Thus the data transmission occurs in this CR

The Mobile ad hoc networks is one of the emerging technologies today. The instability of the nodes in a mobile ad hoc network makes it difficult to calculate the reliability of the network. When a node moves freely move in a

Abstract - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprises of several tiny, low-cost, resource constrained sensor nodes. These nodes are placed in harsh environments and generally are used for air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, industrial monitoring, health monitoring and more. Routing is difficult in such surroundings primarily due to the unique constraints the wireless sensor networks suffer from. Wireless sensor network is highly dynamic, making existing routing protocols ineffective. This paper concentrates on energy efficiency of the protocols. Both the protocol presented are hierarchical and cluster based. Both have sensor nodes and a base station (BS). The BS selects the Cluster Heads (CH) among themselves. CH is the elected sensor node which passes on the sensor data collected by sensor nodes of its cluster to either BS or other CH. All candidate nodes for becoming CH are listed, based on the various factors like relative distance of the candidate node from the Base Station, outstanding energy level, possible number of neighboring sensor nodes the

After electing CHs, every CH announces all sensor nodes in the network that it is the new CH. When each node receives the announcement, it chooses its desired cluster to join based on the signal strength of the announcement from the CHs to it. So, the sensor nodes inform their appropriate CH to join it. Afterwards, the CHs based on a TDMA approach assign the time slot to each node so that a member can send its data to its CH in this period. The sensor nodes can initiate sensing and transmitting data to the CHs during the steady state phase. The CHs also aggregate data received from the nodes in their cluster before sending these data to the BS via a single hop fashion. D. Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed Clustering [HEED] Younis and Fahmy proposed an iterative clustering protocol, named HEED. HEED is different from LEACH in the way CHs are elected. Both, electing the CHs and joining to the clusters, are done based on the combination of two parameters. The primary parameter depends on the nodes residual energy. The alternative parameter is the intra cluster “communication cost”. Each node computes a communication cost depending on whether variable power levels, applied for intra cluster communication, are permissible or not. If the power level is fixed for all of the nodes, then the communication cost can be proportional to (i) node

Neelam Goswami and Rupali Malhotra “A Survey on ANT Based Routing in WSN” IJCSMS (International Journal of Computer Science & Management Studies) Vol. 15, Issue 06 Publishing Month: June 2015, An Indexed and Referred Journal with ISSN (Online): 2231–5268.

An ad hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of mobile nodes without the required intervention of any existing infrastructure or centralized access point. A wireless sensor network is spatially distributed autonomous sensors which is used to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. Many ad hoc routing protocols and wireless sensor routing protocols are based on some variant of flooding. Despite various optimizations, many routing messages are propagated unnecessarily or some of the routing messages does not reach all the nodes in the network. To overcome such problems we are proposing an adaptive

Wireless sensor networks consists of large number of sensors which are distributed densely and partially. There are numerous number of small sensor nodes which are self-restrained which consists of sensors which performs according to the environmental conditions.

However, there are many limitations with DTN’s. For example, asynchronous connectivity among the devices makes it necessary for the sensors to forward messages via relays or alternate paths to ensure delivery, or they need to store and forward the packets opportunistically until they reach the destination. This very often results in huge transmission delay, high overhead or low delivery rate. Taking into consideration the constraints on remote sensing devices, such as battery power, storage capacity, processing power, and communication bandwidth can affect the network performance and successful message delivery rate. Hence there is a need for routing protocols of DTNs be enabled to adapt according to network variations and effectively use the existing resources. Recent studies show that the most of existing protocols for DTNs look very similar in concepts; however, their performance significantly differs from each other. Epidemic [5] is a robust algorithm as it floods packets to all devices in the network. Spray and Wait [6], a modified version of Epidemic, controls flooding of messages forwarded. It simply limits the amount of messages that can be forwarded International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 7, No. 3, June 2015 56. The

An Ad-hoc network is a wireless network. It uses high frequency radio waves for nodes or device communications which increase mobility but decrease the ranges rather than using communication cables between the nodes. Ad-hoc network consists of no infrastructure and no fixed base station and centralized administrator. So, each node in this network act as router or host for direct communication with each other. Then nodes are freely move from one place to another place and it forms the own topology themself. And each nodes are powered by batteries with a limited energy, wherein each node stops functioning when batteries get sanitations. For energy efficient and maximize lifetime of nodes we introduce techniques aimed to minimize power consumption of all nodes by using multicast routing protocol.

Wireless Sensor Networks give an extension between real world and virtual systems. Wireless systems are grouped into Wireless Personal Area Networks, Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks and Wireless Local Area Networks. They are comprehensively isolated into two classes one is infrastructure-aided and infrastructure less. Portable ad hoc systems are self-sorting out systems of versatile nodes with no foundation so it is infrastructure less system. Transitional or sending nodes is utilized to build up correspondence between nodes. The directing conventions are required on the grounds that the nodes needs to move in the fancied way and the routing strategy plays an essential part in ad hoc systems.

notified, whereas vehicles unaffected by the event are not targeted. In summary, Geocast comprises the following forwarding schemes: ● GeoUnicast ( Fig. 4 ) provides packet delivery between two nodes via multiple wireless hops. When a node wishes to send a unicast packet, it first determines the destination’s position (by location table look-up or the location service) and forwards the data packet to the node towards the destination, which in turn re-forwards the packet along the path until the packet reaches the destination. ● GeoBroadcast (Fig. 4(b)) distributes data packets by flooding, where nodes re-broadcast the packets if they are located in the geographical region determined by the packets. This simple flooding scheme is enhanced with techniques based on packet numbering to alleviate the effects of so-called broadcast storms that are a typical problem in wireless ad hoc networks. GeoAnycast is similar to GeoBroadcast but addresses a single (i.e., any) node in a geographical area. ● Topologically-scoped broadcast (TSB) (Fig. 4(c)) provides rebroadcasting of a data packet from a source to all nodes in the n-hop

Wireless sensor network consist of a large number of sensor node with limited resource of energy, transmission power, network power, network bandwidth, and computation power. Each sensor node is able to perform some processing and sensing task independently. Each sensor node is able to communicate with each others to forward the sensing information. Sensor network can be consist of three subsystem namely sensor

Abstract :- Due to recent improvement technologies in wireless communication ,there has been a fastest growth in wireless sensor networks technologies during the past few years. Many different architectures as well as algorithms and applications have been determined and implemented. The efficiency of these wireless sensor networks is as much as dependent on routing protocol directly affecting the network life and in wireless sensor network every sensor has a limited transmission range of every sensor node to obtain the sensing data. Due to this limitation of wireless sensor network Clustering of node is most popular techniques preferred in routing operations. In this paper, cluster based energy efficient clustering technique based on artificial bee colony algorithm and genetic algorithm is presented to increase the network lifetime. The name of artificial bee colony algorithm is come from bees cause It has been inspired by collective behavior of Bees as seeking food. To minimize the energy consumption it is significant to plan a data collection path with the minimum length to complete the data collection work. So in this paper, we determine that this problem which can be solve as traveling salesman problem, it 's also called as

The main problem in wireless sensor network is energy consumption. Because of energy consumption lifetime of wireless sensor network is decreased. In wireless sensor network, all sensor nodes generate data and send data to a single node called as sink (base station), via multi-hop transmissions. When all the sensor nodes collect data and forward that data to a single base station through multi-hop routing, the traffic pattern is highly non-uniform, this procedure puts a high burden on the sensor nodes which are close to the base station. Some strategies are used that balance the energy consumption of the nodes and helps to ensure maximum network lifetime by balancing the load are proposed and analysed.

Wireless Sensor networks are defined as the distribution of the sensors in the irregular manner. It is a heterogeneous system. The range of sensors used in the network may be from few hundreds to thousands. These sensors will have limited resources like power, storage, communication and processing capability.