This type of structure has two conditions – completely on or completely off. It is the most basic type of control strategy. It operates or switches on when the process variable (PV) drops below the desired set point and switches off when the set point is attained again. This type of control can have detrimental effects on electro-mechanical equipment such as output valves and relays as the constant switching of these will eventually wear the parts out. To prevent this constant switching, hysteresis is added to the control. Figure 4. On/Off Control with Hysteresis
2.2.2 Open-Loop Control
This type of control architecture is where there is no feedback signal from the process variable. Therefore, the controller output does not automatically
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The controller computes this and reduces the error signal until the desired set-point is acquired and maintained. The closed-loop structure is in wide use throughout industry. Figure 6. Closed-Loop System
2.2.4 Feed-Forward Control
Feed-forward control is considered when there is a need to reduce the effects of disturbances on a system. A detector will sense a disturbance or a load change within the system and the controller outputs the required signal to offset this. This will in theory allow the controller to counteract the disturbance before it influences the process. This type of control requires the engineer to have excellent knowledge of the system before implementing it. Figure 7. Feed-Forward System
2.3 System Identification and Modelling
System identification techniques are used by control engineers to gain an insight into how the process behaves and to design a model of the system as accurately as possible. The First-Order Plus Deadtime (FOPDT) model is a characterization of the dynamic response of the system to an input. It allows for calculation of the three-model parameters – process gain, process time-constant and process dead-time. [2] The standard method to develop FOPDT models is the process reaction curve (PRC) technique. To develop the PRC, the system must
In real applications, the values of the controller parameters will be usually computed for one case (generally, the typical demand) and applied for different scenarios. Therefore, it is important that the controllers adjusted for one scenario, also perform properly in other circumstances. In other words, it is necessary to have a robust controller, especially against different demand profiles.
Discuss how Rudy and Diane can use feed forward, concurrent, and feedback controls both nowandinthefutureattheGrizzlyBearLodgetoensuretheirguestssat
In this state, the result of the last state will be converted to functions. In addition, it is possible to indicate an overall function based on the flow of energy, material and signals. Using of a block diagram, they can be expressed the solution neutral relationship between inputs and outputs.
this method over other methods are: (i) it converts the switching converter into a unified dynamic
Control structures include while, if, for, switch, etc. Here is a sample if statement, since it is the most complicated of them:
These parameters are to be controlled for attaining a steady state motion. For this a control system needs to be designed which provides feedback in response to the errors which are present in the state of motion. [1]
An optimized input is determined by solving an open-loop optimal control problem over a finite time horizon. The number of samples one looks forward is called the prediction horizon Np. While, number of samples that the optimal input is computed for is called the control horizon Nu. The complexity of the problem can be decreased by selecting a shorter control horizon than prediction horizon. From the calculated input signal only the first element is applied to the system.
The sole purpose of a PID controller is to control the desired output of the system via given parameters at the input of the system. The manner in which this process is accomplished is by measuring the output of the system. From the measured value, it is compared to the desired values. A error of the output will cause an adjustment in the error signal, e(t). The schematic diagram of the control is indicated with a plus/minus circle containing a cross. The plus/minus indicates whether the value measured should be adjusted by adding or subtracting to the overall outgoing signal. If the value is subtracted then the ultimate goal is a negative feedback. The opposite can be said for a positive feedback. A positive feedback response will conclude that the system has an unstable response. This error signal is directed back into the controller that will in turn generate an accommodating control signal. This information can be understood further by reviewing Figure 1.
Use this text as a guide, just as I intend to teach the course, as a stepping-stone into the world of industrial controls. This text will allow you to access information in a “just in time” fashion for the project you are working on rather than a “just in case” method of memorization.
The decision module is part of the close chain control system that, using the data
situation which then hook up to the process and sustain position; it then fixed to the switching position where
COSO. (1992). Internal Control - Integrated Framework. Retrieved May 28, 2011, from COSO Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission: http://www.coso.org/IC-IntegratedFramework-summary.htm
S. Reveliotis is with the School of Industrial & Systems Engineer- ing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA-30332, United States, spyros@isye.gatech.edu.
Process control plays a crucial role in the chemical engineering industry. The aim of process control is to have a safe plant operation, to attain the design product output, to obtain quality standards from maintaining the product composition and to operate at the lowest production cost (Sinnott, 2005). A process control system is there to eliminate or implement corrective actions on any disturbance that occurs during operation of a process. Achieving these actions is done through using control loops that measure specific process variables, compare a desired output to these variables and control another variable to correct any deviation in the set-point of the system being investigated (Svrcek, Mahoney, & Young, 2006).
There are many factors taken into account when a system’s internal controls are designed and implemented. Ideally, these controls will provide reasonable assurance in the effectiveness and efficiency of operations,