Nt1310 Unit 9 Final Lab Report

Rechargeing batterys all around the world. Lithium is in batterys that are rechargebale. To cellphones to laptops, the battery has lithium.

While Lithium based batteries have allowed electronic products to become more portable, current applications of lithium based batteries are starting to show the limitations of the current technology. These limitations include aspects such as energy density, charge rate, and the usable lifetime of the battery. Furthermore, over the past decade safety concerns of lithium ion batteries have become more and more apparent in both industrial and consumer uses of lithium based batteries.

The LG – 300G is powered by a lithium ion battery 3.7V with a capacity of 800 mAh. The dimensions of the battery are 5.29 cm x 3.39 cm x 0.45 cm. The battery works by an electrochemical reaction done by the anode, cathode, and electrolyte [1]. This chemical interaction of the anode, cathode, and electrolyte is the fundamental principles of what makes up a battery. An anode is a positively charged electrode that is connected to the negative terminal of the battery [3]. A cathode is a negatively charged electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of the battery [3]. The electrolyte is a medium that allows the free flow of electrons between the anode and cathode [1]. During the electrochemical reaction, an anode is going through an

ELECTROCHEMISTRY; THE TRANSITION FROM CHEMICAL POTENTIAL TO BATTERIES, AND THE FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE WORLD.

and lithium ion (Li-ion) and lithium polymer. As demands for portable electronic devices such as

Currently, there are three major categories of the nickel-cadmium and nickel-iron batteries; namely, vented sintered plate, pocket plate,

Rechargeable metal-air batteries can be an appealing alternative – at the system level their specific energy (350-500 Wh/kg) is significantly higher than Li-ion batteries (100-200 Wh/kg) since the cathode active material, O2, is drawn from the ambient air and not stored in the battery.6 Among the various metal-air systems, the Zn-air batteries have the longest developmental history thanks to the low cost and low equivalent weight of zinc, and its relatively good stability in alkaline

Global warming and the end of fossil fuels looming conspire to present the greatest threat to today's world. A realistic solution to curb the use of fossil fuels is the use of clean energy sources. Transportation accounts for 30% of CO2 emissions, it follows then that the use of batteries to power such fields would be a great benefit to the planet. Already used in consumer electronics such as laptops and mobile phones, the rechargeable lithium ion battery offers the highest energy storage per unit weight and volume (Figure 2) and therefore the most appealing for use in applications such as electric vehicles48.

poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) whereas other batteries use a lithium-salt

due to its exceptional large surface area (2630 m2g_1),[11] high electrical conductivity at room temperature[12,13](106 s cm-1), good mechanical properties (~1.1 TPa), fracturestrength[14] (125 GPa), breaking strength[15] (42 N m-1), excellent mobility as charge carriers[16] (~20 m2 V-1 s-1 ), superior thermalconductivity (~5000 W m K-1 )[17], high carrier density (~1012

The battery performance was first studied in its most important application: electric vehicles. As an example, a fuel cell hybrid vehicle contains both fuel cells and battery cells as the power sources to power the electric motor. The first key point is that the number

Lithium ion batteries were introduced commercially during the early 1990’s as the desire for smaller and more lightweight rechargeable batteries grew with the increased demand for the improvement of portable electronic devices (Yoshino, 2012). Prior to this there were commercially available rechargeable batteries already on the market, predominately in the form of lead-acid (PbA), Nickel-Cadmium (NiC) and Nickel Metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries. The development of the Lithium ion (Li-ion) battery began due to the knowledge of lithium’s low redox reaction rate and high energy to weight ratio (Wu, 2015), which, it was believed would make Li-ion batteries a good option for introducing smaller, more energy rich batteries to the growing market.

The conventional method for fabricating the electrode is to deposit and sinter a mixture of the electrode composites onto a dense YSZ electrolyte.4 The sintering temperature must be a compromise, high enough to ensure the good connection between YSZ in the electrode and the electrolyte, but low enough to prevent solid state reactions between the electrode composites.2,5 Indeed, most conducting perovkites are unable to be prepared due to the formation of insulating phases at high temperatures required for YSZ sintering.4 Therefore, the infiltration method was initially developed to separate the high calcination temperature required to densify the YSZ electrolyte from the lower calcinations temperature needed for the other electrode components.1,4,5 Furthermore, the infiltration method provides a nonrandom structure where the electronically conductive components are deposited into the previously formed porous YSZ scaffold.1-4 Infiltration also forms superior

The best rechargeable batteries used today are that of the Lithium-ion battery technology as they offer the highest energy density among all rechargeable technologies used today. However these batteries used currently require significant improvements in various parameters such as energy density, safety, durability and cost if it were to replace fossil fuels. Fletcher(2011) believes, “the limiting factors of the current Lithium-ion batteries used today include the following. One of the limiting factors of the batteries is the amount of charge they can store and how quickly they can be recharged.” Some of the materials for the cathode electrode that would enhance the performance of Lithium-ion batteries include the following. Scrosati(2000) states, “LiCoO2 is the cathode material used currently in Lithium-ion

As mentioned previously the anode is composed of Magnesium metal (atomic weight 24.312 ) and is oxidised to produce electrons. The reason this metal is used because it is lightweight, cheap and has a high standard potential. These fuel cells are also generally very durable and can be easily stored. Easy storage is made possible by the fact that a protective film is naturally produced over the positive anode. However this decreases once some of the energy has been released from the cell. Hence it is not ideal to be used in a situation where over a long period of time there are times when the cell is not being used. This is part of the reason why lithium batteries are