Nt1310 Unit 9 Final Lab Report

While Lithium based batteries have allowed electronic products to become more portable, current applications of lithium based batteries are starting to show the limitations of the current technology. These limitations include aspects such as energy density, charge rate, and the usable lifetime of the battery. Furthermore, over the past decade safety concerns of lithium ion batteries have become more and more apparent in both industrial and consumer uses of lithium based batteries.

The LG – 300G is powered by a lithium ion battery 3.7V with a capacity of 800 mAh. The dimensions of the battery are 5.29 cm x 3.39 cm x 0.45 cm. The battery works by an electrochemical reaction done by the anode, cathode, and electrolyte [1]. This chemical interaction of the anode, cathode, and electrolyte is the fundamental principles of what makes up a battery. An anode is a positively charged electrode that is connected to the negative terminal of the battery [3]. A cathode is a negatively charged electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of the battery [3]. The electrolyte is a medium that allows the free flow of electrons between the anode and cathode [1]. During the electrochemical reaction, an anode is going through an

are inexpensive, albeit heavy. A variant on the lead -acid battery is the Gel Cell, which is a sealed

This eliment was discoverd from a mineral. Its physical featurs are its soft, siny metal. Its boiling point is 2448°F and melting point is 356.90°F. It has the lowest density out off all of the eliments. It reacts viloently with water. The name comes from the greek word “lithos”. Which is greek for stone. It is mostly used in batterys. If you here the term a lithium battery, its because lithium is in the battery. Lithium is also used in toys. Sush as clocks. It’s symbol is LI and its atomic number is 3.

Zinc/air battery not only provides a high energy density, but also has many advantages. Based on the electrochemical principle, it is clear that it produces electrochemical energy by using oxygen, which can be directly obtained from the atmosphere rather than from the system itself, which makes the miniaturization of micro-battery possible. The oxygen diffuses into the cathode during discharge and reacts with the electrolyte. The cathode acts as a catalyst to promote the reaction and it is not consumed at all. Therefore, it is possible to increase the energy capacity dramatically only by increasing the amount of zinc without increasing the overall size of the micro-battery significantly.

Moreover, the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries is one of its limitations. The battery degradation and capacity loss over time are caused by the side reactions, which occur on the surface of the particle of the active materials as well as in the electrolyte. The design of the battery electrode structure need to be considered to mitigate side reactions. Consequently, any change of the porosity, thickness, and particle size can affect the specific energy, specific power, discharge capacity, and battery lifetime. Therefore, a multi-objective design optimization framework was developed in my second publication to investigate the optimal solution of the battery design. The most important part of this framework a 2D electrochemical battery model is coupled with comprehensive side reactions in both anode and cathode electrodes to predict the battery capacity loss over hundreds of cycles. Furthermore, the framework is an important tool to design the batteries as various objectives need to be considered.

Larcher(2007)discusses, “The first cells of this type appeared when Exxon energy tried to commercialize Li/TiS systems.” (p.236). These were low voltage systems that only operated near 2 volts. During that era graphite and layered sulfide were suggested as potential candidates for electrodes of a Lithium-ion battery. The next decade saw development on advanced battery systems based upon the insertion and removal of Lithium-ions into host compounds serving as both electrodes. Much of this work was associated with finding a suitable material to host lithium ions. Eventually in 1991, Sony introduced the first Lithium-ion cell with an operational voltage of 3.6 V.

In order to decrease the number of cycles of infiltration and maintain a comparable cathode performance, the viability of using a conductive composite scaffold of La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 and yttria-stablized zirconia (YSZ) with one infiltration cycle was investigated. The infiltration material is nitrate salt solution of La, Sr, Co and Fe to form La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 perovskite phase. Cathodes fabricated from scaffolds using different ratios of LSF-YSZ were tested by impedance spectroscopy with the results showing that the ohmic resistance decreases as the amount of LSF increases. In addition, scaffolds calcined at 1350oC exhibited

poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) whereas other batteries use a lithium-salt

ELECTROCHEMISTRY; THE TRANSITION FROM CHEMICAL POTENTIAL TO BATTERIES, AND THE FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE WORLD.

due to its exceptional large surface area (2630 m2g_1),[11] high electrical conductivity at room temperature[12,13](106 s cm-1), good mechanical properties (~1.1 TPa), fracturestrength[14] (125 GPa), breaking strength[15] (42 N m-1), excellent mobility as charge carriers[16] (~20 m2 V-1 s-1 ), superior thermalconductivity (~5000 W m K-1 )[17], high carrier density (~1012

The nickel electrode batteries are vulnerable to both reversible and irreversible degradation. The reversible degradation forms can be rectified by fully discharging the cell and then recharging it. The irreversible forms of degradation vary depending on the types of electrodes and the application of the battery. However, the irreversible forms of degradation are majorly linked to the number and depth of the discharge/recharge cycles and the operation temperatures. The primary causes of irreversible degradation include the decomposition of the organic material into the electrolyte, corrosion of the nickel electrode, dendrite formation on the surface of the negative electrolyte, electrode poisoning, and the failure of the gas barrier. Additionally, the nickel electrode batteries are vulnerable to “thermal runaway,” which can be described as a vicious cycle caused by heating and augmented discharge and voltage. The batteries are also susceptible to gassing, which can lead to the buildup of pressure in the cell that may lead to permanent battery damage. The batteries are also engrossed by a number of safety and environmental concerns because they are manufactured using an extremely toxic metal cadmium. However, the concerns have been lessened through regulation, keen monitoring during manufacturing, and elevated recycling efficiencies.

As mentioned previously the anode is composed of Magnesium metal (atomic weight 24.312 ) and is oxidised to produce electrons. The reason this metal is used because it is lightweight, cheap and has a high standard potential. These fuel cells are also generally very durable and can be easily stored. Easy storage is made possible by the fact that a protective film is naturally produced over the positive anode. However this decreases once some of the energy has been released from the cell. Hence it is not ideal to be used in a situation where over a long period of time there are times when the cell is not being used. This is part of the reason why lithium batteries are

Through the continuous research and development in the chemistry of Li-ion batteries the components have been extensively studied in an attempt to find the best materials to ensure a battery with a high energy capacity and safety features. There are a wide range of cathode materials available for use in a Li-ion battery. Those with a good level of stability at high temperatures, insolubility in the electrolyte and good electrical conductivity (Chakrabarti, 2008) being the ideal choice for the cathode. In general cathodes consist of lithium-metal oxides and these layered or intercalated oxides containing nickel, cobalt and manganese are those which have been studied most extensively. Both cobalt and nickel have a high voltage, making these metals excellent options for the cathode, however, the availability of cobalt is quite limited. Manganese is a low cost substitution but it has limited cycling behaviour, hence mixtures of these metals are combined to provide a cathode with a high thermal threshold, good rate capabilities and availability with low toxicity and low cost (Claus, 2008). Recent studies have highlighted polyoxyanion structures, such as Lithium Iron Phosphate, as options for the cathode material, providing high electrochemical performances as well as nontoxicity (Chakrabarti, 2008).

Technology is striving to keep up with today's society. We continuously require smaller, lighter and more autonomous equipment. The rechargeable lithium ion battery is the most important factor in determining the rate of development of modern day consumer electronics. Perhaps not surprisingly the transport of lithium ions (Li+) remains the preferred technology to achieve this. As a result and for the purpose of this review, only the Li-ion battery (rather than the Li-metal battery) will be considered. This contribution is interested in presenting the issues and challenges this technology has and will encounter. Given the huge volume of literature published on this