Nuclear Cell Memory

Some researchers hypothesize that the hippocampus is involved in some types of memory processes but not others. This particular study measured brain activity using fMRI during two types of memory tasks: remember (episodic memory) and know (familiarity). A memory was considered “episodic” if the person could recall the moment it was learned and “familiar” if they felt they recognized the word but could not retrieve the specidic moment it was learned. The a priori (pre-selected) region of interest( ROI) in the hippocampus

There is extensive evidence to prove that the hippocampus plays a vital role in memory retrieval. However the extent to what type of memories the hippocampus supports and the process in which retrieval occurs is an ongoing debate. The two theories that are dominant in this debate are the Standard Model of Systems Consolidation (SMSC) and the Multiple Trace Theory (MTT). This paper will provide a review on the evidence supporting these two composing theories, the research providing evidence against the models, and finally their limitations. Additionally, a novel theory coined the Competitive Trace Theory (CTT) will be reviewed in order to conclude whether or not this model can provide a more holistic and accurate representation of the role of the hippocampus in memory retrieval while simultaneously providing explanations for flaws in previously proposed models.

1. Name and describe two areas of the forebrain that are involved in memory. How do they differ in function?

The nucleus is crucial to the function of the cell because it holds instructions on building proteins and that is vital for the function of every part in the cell, but not only that the nucleus uses sends particular information out so that it can be made into protein. The reason that the nucleus has to send out the information out is because the DNA never leaves the nucleus ... say that the cell needs a particular protein for a certain reason, the nucleus will transcrip that information using a molecule called mRNA, and that mRNA will leave the nucleus and will be translated in the cytoplasm by the ribosomes.

Danny the DNA lived with Mack the mRNA in the nucleus of Cell York, they were brothers, after all. Danny was always a stay-at-home molecule, while Mack was always interacting with others, especially his coworkers Tony the tRNA and Rick the rRNA. Even though Danny looked lazy, he always was the center of attention within the nucleic brothers. Everyone made up stories of how he did all the work in the nucleus, while Mack apparently did little to nothing and, before the evolution of Cell York, this was true. The main job the nucleic brothers has were to code and send information to the ribosomes in order to make proteins for Cell York businesses. Before the evolution, Danny coded and sent the information to make proteins, while Mack was only a cheerleader on the side. However, when Danny had a break from delivering, he stayed in bed all day on his laptop, only coding what he needed to do. He soon never left the house, all his necessities were in the nucleus. As time went on, Danny grew larger than he used to be, and less active. His double helixes doubled in size, as well as his bases. Now that the break is over, Danny will have to go back to his job, but with great difficulty.

The following experiment was preformed by Marieke Soeter and Merel Kindt. Their research tested if the disruption of reconsolidation of memories also lowers fear in an individual who has an ongoing fear of spiders in their everyday life. Studies over the past years have found that retrieving previously consolidated memories may signal a process known as reconsolidation (restabilization due to proteins). In the lab setting, a process known as Pavlovian fear conditioning can be used to train the mind to fear a stimulus. This conditioned fear can then easily be used to test the neurobiology of associative fear learning and memory. Fear conditioning is also a great method to be used in studying new treatments for anxiety disorders focused around

Memory repression is more likely to occur in the adolescent mind due to underdevelopment of the brain.

This essay is focusing on the current understanding of the neurobiology of memory reconsolidation and its implications for psychology. This paper will specifically focus on the molecular mechanisms of reconsolidation and research relating to fear memories and using propranolol and D-cycloserine as a treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Memory consolidation is the process by which memories are stabilised after being acquired. Consolidation studies have traditionally focused on the hippocampus and systems consolidation, where short term memories become long term memories and independent of the hippocampus over time (Pinel, 2011). The more recently discovered process of consolidation is synaptic consolidation, where memory is encoded within hours, and requires protein synthesis and gene transcription (Pinel, 2011). Long term memories were once considered to be stable, but within the last decade, the discovery of reconsolidation, the process in which stored memories can be retrieved and held in labile short-term memory, has changed theory and research on memory (Pinel, 2011). The potential ability to modify established emotional memories through the processes of reconsolidation has important implications for the treatment of many mental disorders, including anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder.

Memory used for testimony and convictions can be a very controversial way to incarcerate those who are being accused of a crime. For instance, some may believe that witness statements are reliable evidence able to prove someone’s innocence or guiltiness. Despite this, witness statements may contain lies or hidden, yet essential, parts of the truth that had been purposefully forgotten, which is also known as repression. In addition,witnesses or victims who have experienced trauma will most likely experience amnesia as a result of facing an appalling act. Memories of witnesses or victims should not be used to convict people who are allegedly charged with a crime.

SUMMARY: This five year career-development plan (CDP) is an integrated research, education, and outreach program which is concerned with the molecular dynamics and electronic structure studies of nucleosomes, which are complexes of DNA and proteins in chromatin which account for 75-90% of the packing of genomic DNA in mammalian cells. This CDP has four main goals:

What if genes that were already previously expressed could help synthesize or reactivate cell replication faster? The idea behind this question is what people call epigenetic transcriptional memory. Organisms, in order to adapt in their environment, will alter gene expression to be able to survive different temperatures, stress, etc. Organisms can “remember” a previous condition and then adapt to that environmental condition faster in the future. Epigenetic transcriptional memory is the same in which in response to a certain modification or stimulus, it can “remember” this alteration and use it to change other gene expressions faster. This process helps establish and maintain a state that is heritable to progeny (Brickner, 2010). In a eukaryotic

The brain processes memory in three stages. Think of your brain like a computer. The first stage is called encoding. The brain records usable information in your memory. The second stage is storage. The brain uses that recordable information and stores it to be used later. The final stage is retrieval. The brain the recovers that recordable information that was stored to use at a later date.

This study is important for our understanding of the relationship between social inhibition of return (SIOR) and recognition memory. SIOR is defined as the impact of a person’s action on the observer, which can result in slower responses to the same repeated location. This research hypothesizes that SIOR has an effect on recognition memory. An experiment was set to examine this inhibition of action response to recognition memory, participants were influenced by SIOR and biased in recognition memory test (RMT). This experiment has been conducted in the standard SIOR paradigm and a RMT to determine whether SIOR inhibits retrieval of memory. Twenty-six participants were recruited in this experiment. A pair of participants were sitting opposite

This type of Amnesia a person has brain trauma that has affected the hippocampus, the fornix which is located inside and continuing on the outside of both sides of the hippocampus or the mammillary bodies which are connected by a nerve path to the fornix. It can also temporarily be drug-induced, by alcohol intoxication, brain surgery, heart attack, concussion, shock and even an emotional disorder. This type of Amnesia affects the patient by not being able to store memories caused after the Amnesia for more than a few minutes. For example the patient is unable to remember the name of a person that he or she encountered 5 minutes ago. (healthline), (medindia), (wisegeek), (Human)

In the 21st century human cloning has become a huge component of modern day society, it’s mainly being looked at as a way for human infertility problems to be solved through a process of somatic cell nuclear transfer. But is this process actually helping or benefiting the cloning of humans? The answer is simple, no. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a technique for cloning in which the nucleus is removed from a healthy egg. This egg becomes the host for a nucleus that is transplanted from another cell, such as a skin cell. The resulting embryo can be used to generate embryonic stem cells with a genetic match to the nucleus donor (therapeutic cloning), or can be implanted into a surrogate mother to create a cloned individual, such as Dolly the