Nuclearization in South Asia

For the past thirty years, Iran and North Korea have been trying to develop and design a nuclear warhead, nowadays; American spies say that Iran has built a Uranium enrichment plant on Qum. Uranium enrichment is the hardest step in order to produce nuclear weapon, and North Korea has already tested nuclear weapons the past years. This is a way to prove that nuclear proliferation keeps increasing in the world and this could balance the world power in a negative way. If states that are directly against each other keep increasing their nuclear arsenal, the world could be ruled or at least influenced by an unstable military power determined by actions made with nuclear weapons. By

This French article discusses the current cultural and religious conflict in India. The author cites various individuals who argue that Muslims are purposely blamed for violence that affects both communities. As well, it stresses that the government is lacking actions in order to resolve the conflict. This article applies to psychology.

The continued conflict between India and Pakistan is the main driver behind the stalling of Pakistan to move towards an FMCT. Pakistan claims that an FMCT “would lock-in an unfair strategic advantage for India” thus resulting in the continuation of both countries building their nuclear arsenals making these two countries the largest fissile material contributors.12 North Korea’s production of fissile material is centered on their belief that it provides regional security serving as a nuclear deterrent “preserving peace and stability in the Korean peninsula and other parts of Northeast Asia.”12 Israel’s lack of transparency regarding both its own nuclear capability and/or production of fissile material further poses potential issues in achieving consensus of an FMCT.

The greatest threat to the United States in today’s world is Iran’s investment in nuclear proliferation and its potential to destabilize the region. Iran has shown a history of aggression towards not only the U.S., but countries in the region as well. Acquiring nuclear weapons and the capability to deliver those weapons against the U.S. or its allies poses significant ramifications. In order to reverse Iran’s progress towards developing a nuclear bomb along with the associated delivery platforms, the U.S. must engage Iran more forcefully using containment, deterrence, and pre-emption. This paper will begin with an overview of Iran’s history with the U.S., followed by an explanation of why Iran’s nuclear ambitions are detrimental

Indian and Pakistan enhanced this when they set off their salvos of nuclear tests in May 1998. Nuclear proliferation is becoming a worldwide matter, since more countries want to get hold with nuclear weapons in order to gain prestige and honour on a global scale or to satisfy pressures of domestic politics. Likewise, deterrence in the Third World tends to be very unstable. For instance, between the conflict of India and Pakistan, “one of the many dangers to be reckoned with is there would no time for caution. Not enough time to confirm a threat or even think twice before giving the order to return fire, and perhaps mistakenly incinerate an entire nation”. Proliferation in the Third World is often represented as a result of lacking impulse control and led by fanatical, brutal or narcissistic leaders who might misuse nuclear weapons, leading to permanent damages. What's more, Third World nations may use nuclear weapons to pursue religious squabbles and crusades; many analysts fear an “Islamic bomb” and a Muslim Holy war.

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Daisaku Ikeda, a spiritual leader in Japan once commented, ‘Japan learned from the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that tragedy wrought by nuclear weapons must never be repeated and that humanity and nuclear weapons cannot coexist.’ The world has experienced the bombings of Japan, of Pearl Harbor and the conflict of the Cold War, but even with these conflicts present in our history, warning us of the effects of conflict and nuclear weaponry coexisting with humanity, these warnings have not carried through into society today. Currently in the Middle East, we are witnessing the elements of a modern day cold war starting to appear due to the conflict between Israel and Iran. As Israel and Iran have different religious ideologies, this has created tension and conflict to occur, but more recently, in relation to nuclear weaponry, their conflict has worsened into that, of a modern day cold war.

Mark Z. Jacobson once said “Every dollar spent on nuclear is one less dollar spent on clean renewable energy and one more dollar spent on making the world a comparatively dirtier and a more dangerous place, because nuclear power and nuclear weapons go hand in hand.” Nuclear energy is caused when power plants split uranium atoms inside a reactor in a process called fission. At a nuclear energy facility, the heat from fission is used to produce steam, which spins a turbine to generate electricity.

India has a proud rich history, stretching back thousands of years. The name India originates from the Old Persian word Hindu. It is located on the southern subcontinent of Asia. India shares borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, and Bangladesh. India has not always been on the greatest terms with some of the neighboring countries which have led to four different armed conflicts. It has a population of approximately 1.34 billion people. One-third of the land mass that makes up India is coastline. 1858 would mark both a political and economic unification of the subcontinent by the British. The Indo-Pakistan war of 1947 would mark the first of four armed conflict that India would engage Pakistan in. By the end of the Indo-Pakistan war of 1999 both of the neighboring countries, would continue to have other border skirmishes all the way up to present time. Overall since 2003 India and Pakistan’s military have been at an agreed ceasefire agreement. India’s military is credited as have the fourth largest army in the world. The Indian military has been working for many years now to modernize its military equipment to the modern standards of that of other militaries around the world. Even though numbers for the Indian army have been on the rise based off the modernization plan set by its government. The reason for the slow due to the lack of adequate funding. One of the reasons for India’s slow modernization is due to the fact that a majority of the

In the light of the above background, although India has refused to sign the NPT, it had intentions to join the club of States which possess nuclear weapons. The nuclear cooperation between India and the U.S. began in 18th July 2005 when Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and the United States President George Bush issued a joint statement announcing the existence of a negotiated framework for nuclear cooperation between India and the U.S. On 2nd March, 2006, Bush and Singh signed an agreement aimed to regularize India’s nuclear weapon status without formal recognition of India as a Nuclear Weapon State. This agreement provided the basis for the civil nuclear energy cooperation between India and US. Indo-US nuclear deal faced several obstacles.

This test shattered the existence of Pakistan once again and the Pakistani government also took decision to go nuclear for its survivability in the era of PM Zulfiqar Bhutto. The famous saying from the Pakistani PM Zulifaqar Ali Bhutto was “We will eat grass but we go on nuclear program. Under many sanctions and international pressure, Pakistan detonated six nuclear devices in may 1998 to gain the equilibrium in the south Asia. Then a new age of war with new type of weapons started which was totally different from conventional way of war. War shifted from near to far, battlefield to cities then after the development of tactical nuclear weapons war again reshaped from far to near then again with the development of submarine launched missiles the war got the shape of more devastated way of getting peace. Pakistan and India, both did many experiments to ensure the accuracy, precision, reliability and access to different targets in the enemy’s territory. On Pakistan end, Ghauri, Shaheen, Hataf and Nasr missiles are the part of medium, short and battlefield range missiles with range of 60km to upto 3000km. Pakistan has precise and accurate missiles which can engage the target not only in the Indian mainland but also Nicobar Island far in the Indian Ocean. The doctrine of Pakistan and India keep on transforming into different postures from

After the chance of Pakistan in Aug 1947, Iran had the novel distinction of being the main country to overall distinguish the sovereign position of Pakistan. As of now, the two nations are financially savvy partners. This cooperation made due all through the Awesome War, with Iran helping Pakistan in its debate with main adversary, Local neighborhood Indian nearby. In return once more, Pakistan expanded Iran militarily amid the Iran– Iraq War in the Nineteen-eighties. Since 2000, associations between the two proclaims have been generally steady and financially savvy and armed force coordinated effort has enhanced the connection. The two nations are beginning individuals the Cost-viable

Civil violence, often representing ethnic, religious or racial conflict has been rising through the past half-century (Gleditsch et al. 2002), but we still have only a limited understanding of its causes. While there is considerable evidence that the outbreak of civil conflict results from poverty (e.g. Miguel et al. 2004; Bohlken and Sergenti 2010; Do and Iyer, 2010), the evidence on other potential causes including the importance of social divisions and political grievances is more controversial (Blattman and Miguel, 2010: p.45). This paper examines Hindu-Muslim violence in India. Muslims constitute India’s largest religious minority, and the observed patterns of Hindu-Muslim violence suggest that Muslims are more likely to have been the victims of such violence (Mitra and Ray, 2010). Since Muslims are also under-represented in elected office (constituting only 5% of members in the national legislature in 2009, down from nearly 9% in 1980), we investigate whether increasing Muslim political representation lowers the incidence of religious conflict. We put together unique data on both the religious identity of politicians and religious conflict for the period 1960-2007, merged at the state and the district level. We account for the potential endogeneity of Muslim representation by instrumenting the share of Muslim legislators with the share of Muslim legislators who win in close elections against Hindus (a strategy similar to that implemented by Lee, 2001 and Clots-Figuer

The context and focus of this essay will be India’s nuclear activity between 1968 up until the Pohkran-II tests in 1998. The background element shows that, in 1968, India wanted to protect its own right of experimenting with nuclear weapons by not signing the NPT (nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty). India in 1974 had engaged in a nuclear test, which New Delhi advanced to say that was not a “weapon” but was, however, “peaceful” (Sullivan, 2012 3). International audiences were fazed by the nuclear action by India, especially the United States of America, consequently filing and constructing laws that prevented India from trading multilaterally along with posing nuclear banning laws against the Indian state. It can be demonstrated that India for a long time, remained outside the nuclear circle of states, which was controlled and built by the powerful United States. An agreement was reached between the two states rather long after India’s first tests, which marked a not only a new position in diplomatic relations, but the understanding that India was marked as a new nuclear power. Why did India decide to openly

Pakistan’s historically close relationship with the US is on a divergent path due to America’s growing alliance with India designed to contain China’s rising power. This process of divergence is likely to be accelerated by US pressure on Pakistan to do three things: release Shakil Afridi, the doctor recruited by the CIA to take DNA samples from Osama bin Laden’s Abbottabad hideout; take military action against the Haqqani network and refrain from deploying theatre nuclear weapons against India.