Null Hypothesis In Research

The Null Hypothesis for this test was Ho: u1- u2 = 0. Dr. Williams Found that the t-value = 0.98603, the p-value = 0.328213, and that p < 0.05. This means his results were not significant at a 0.05 level. Therefore, we fail to reject the null. Dr. Williams can conclude there is no difference between the scores of his two Intro Psych. classes.

The null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the amount of coffee consumption and GPA (p = .62).

In the Crucible there are three characters that I believe are the ones that are mostly invested and concerned on trying to preserve their reputations. Reverend Parris, Judge Danforth, and Abigail are the people that I analyzed and assume that they are the ones mostly concerned about their reputation. All of these three characters that I looked into seem to have a different but similar situation well their attitude is the most similar. These three characters only seem to be concerned about their reputation and not the consequences their actions have on others. They are blinded by their ignorance and can’t see what is more important than a good name.

The Pure Food and Drug Act The Pure Food and Drug Act protect consumers from harmful stuff in food, drinks and medicines. It restricted the sale of some dangerous and useless medicines. Between 1879 and 1906 approximately 200 bills were found but all failed to pass through congress. But finally The Pure Food and Drug Act law was passed through both the houses in 1906, which was signed by 26th U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and it was passed on the same day as Meat Inspection Act was passed. • “The Pure Food and Drug Act law passed the senate on February 21,1906” • “The Pure Food and Drug Act law passed the House on June 20, 1906”

Most of us like to imagine our beliefs and opinions are logical and objective; however, the reality is that we tend to pay more attention to the information which supports our original ideas. And at the same time, we are trying to ignore the information which despites us. This process is called confirmation bias, and it exists in our daily lives.

Confirmation bias influences individuals every day even though we might not actually realize it. Unfortunately, our brains unknowingly look at an individual and segregate them into a group. Finally, you associate all types of stereotypes to this individual, all of these steps are done without even knowing him/her. Confirmation bias is mainly negative but can be seen in a positive form. An example of a negative one is that all college kids are bad and that they are up to no good. This cognitive bias is in place, due to the things that are associated with college students, such as, drugs, alcohol, parties. However, by doing this you have a bad impression and are unlikely associate yourself with college students. But, realistically not all college

First, I will state that standardized testing is not helping education in the United States. This will be stated first because it will clarify my topic.

There are a variety of topics that are interesting in life. This interest may then become a point of inquisition, where an individual may formulate a relationship between two variables, which may or may not influence each other. Next, a hypothesis is formed and tested. In this same manner, a school educator was interested in determining the potential relationship between grade point average (GPA) and IQ scores among ninth graders. The educator random sampled 30 ninth graders, ages 14 years old and administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). This writer will be expanding further on this topic and will formulate the null and alternative hypothesis, describe the four scales of measurement, describe whether if there is a correlation significant (positive, negative, or no correlation) enough between both variables, describe the strength of the relationship, describe what the results reveals about the hypothesis, and what conclusions can be drawn from the results.

In this day and age-standardized tests have become the sole way of testing kids, and it's affecting our educational system and schools. As stated by Education Week, an American education news site, every state requires some sort of standardized test that students must take. Our nation is no longer just looking at how kids learn and grow to see if they are achieving. They are measuring this achievement or competency through a test. Additionally, according to the Washington Post,”The average student in America’s big-city public schools takes some 112 mandatory standardized tests between pre-kindergarten and the end of 12th grade” (Valerie Strauss). As important as standardized tests have become, the question begs again, “Which school provides students with the skills needed to learn and perform on these tests”. While both year-round and public schools benefit its students, year-round schools focus on student retention, while public schools focus more on standardized tests.

A standardized test refers to any examination that is administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner. There are two major types of standardized test: aptitude test and achievement test (Popham 1999). The test that is most familiar to parents, educators and students is the standardized achievement test. Every year schools administer achievement test to students, the scores of these test are then used by the public and school board members to evaluate a schools effectiveness. Although previous generations of American student have had to sit through test, never have test been given so frequently or played such a prominent role in schooling as they do today (Kohn 2000). The large role standardized testing has taken in todays schooling has lead many to question whether or not it is effective in measuring educational quality. In fact many researcher have reason to believe it is in face ineffective due to a bias against minority students. In order to understand how a bias in standardized testing would impact minority students, we must educate ourselves on the amount of preparation the test requires, as well as how it is created. The issue of standardized testing being biased should matter to all people, not just those who are directly effected by it, because as a society it is our job to ensure that each child is given equal opportunity to succeed.

In the world today standardized testing is mandatory in all schools whether they are public or private. If schools continue to make these test mandatory, students grades will show the reflection of what they are not learning. The school might also receive less state funding due to poor performance on these tests. Once No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was introduced US students slipped from 18th in the world in math in 2000 to 31st in 2009 (Standardized). Standardized testing is not beneficial overall because it does not cater to all students, they do not cover real-life topics, and they are detrimental to students.

Standardized testing has not helped student achievement in America (Is the use of standardized test improving education in America? 1). Ever since students have started using standardized testing, America has fell in many areas of academics. One area is math where America used to be eighteenth in the world is now thirty-first (Is the use of standardized test improving education in America? 1). This proves that testing has not helped America improve in academic achievement, but has actually made a decline.

Those that support standardized testing in schools site the fact that high school students who were required to pass a standardized test for a school program were more likely to talk to their parents and peers about schoolwork (Walberg). They also found that

Much change in the global media by means of mergers and increased concentration has resulted in the limited diversity of content. In addition, the media consolidation does not only effect the content but the ownership and employment opportunities. Winseck (2011) and Havens (2014), both discuss the media mostly in the United States and other parts of the world; comparisons can be drawn to relate to Canadian media. Different theories have been developed around the capitalistic nature of the media corporation on the creativity and diversity of media (Havens, 2014). The following will examine the current standings of the large media corporations in the United States and other countries. In addition, the focus will be put upon the effects of consolidation

The topic of valuation of early-stage companies, patents, and technologies have been a topic of study since the late 1980’s. Since the work published by Amit et al (1990) a body of management science literature was published around the value relevance of non-financial information that quantifies the human capital of the founding team. Amit et al posit that