Nursing

Effective cancer screening methods are used to detect or identify the presence of a specific cancer before the individual displays any symptoms of cancer. Early detection of a cancer through screening can save the life of a person who may have died without screening detection. Early detection of cancer can also provide a less costly and more effective treatment than if the cancer progresses requiring more advanced or drastic treatment. Screenings tests for the more common cancers such as breast, colon, prostate or cervical can be non-invasive or only slightly invasive. The majority of screening procedures are non-invasive which is more cost effective, patient convenient, and does not require any patient aftercare. Screening tests usually

Cancer screenings is done to look for cancer in the very early stages, before it spreads and becomes harder to treat and before you would start to see symptoms. Finding cancer early improves the chances of successful treatment. It can save your life.

Screening programs utilize diagnostic tests on individuals who are asymptomatic of certain diseases and the intent of diagnostic tests are used to establish the probability of having a certain disease (New York State, Department of Health (n.d.). As a provider, the fundamental intention of screenings is to reduce morbidity and mortality; however, providers must also understand the potential affect on individuals if results reveal false-positives and false-negatives (Gates, 2001). Therefore, diagnostic accuracy is critical and making sure quality of screenings is important in that the tests are sensitive enough to detect disease during the period in individual who do not have symptoms of a particular disease and specific enough to lessen the incidence of false positives (Gates, 2014). Screening the female population with Pap (Papanicolaou) smears for cervical cancer is considered a sensitive test (Lalkhen & McCluskey, 2008).

The liquid biopsy method of distinguishing cancer in victims today is a non-invasive blood test that will catch tumors early on. This will occur before symptoms arise and therefore has a better chance of being cured. These studies were started by a man named Dennis Lo, professor

All things considered, there is an abundance of information we don’t know about cancer, which is alarming as it can be life threatening. However, doctors have discovered several ways to treat people diagnosed with cancer. In addition to treatments, there are symptoms and diagnostic tests to help people find out if they are at risk of, or have

As of 2017, breast cancer is the second most common cause of death in women. Around the globe about 1.3 million women are diagnosed with breast cancer after their biennial mammographic digital screening.5 Considering this, breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in the world. Digital mammograms are taken of the breast to detect any form of a tumor. People tend to believe that the Radiologist looks at their picture and determines whether a tumor is present. However, there are several types of systems that are designed to detect certain forms of breast cancer in certain areas after a screening has taken place. Essentially, the MRI screening is sent into a digital processing system to highlight any areas that might be forming

This report provides a holistic scope of prostate cancer (PCa) from prevention, pathology, diagnostic screening, pharmacology, and treatment methods. It also incorporates statistical data, and provides a case study that helps the prospective nursing student to analyze its implications for their practice. The current methods for PCa diagnostics is often times not conclusive, and this causes a controversial decision to be made by the patient and the healthcare provider to either perform a surgery to remove the prostate, or a wait-and-see method of progression. The gold standard for diagnostic screening for PCa has long been prostate specific antigen (PSA); however newer methods are coming to light that enhance the PCA screening by adding additional biomarkers and advanced algorithms that help to reduce over-diagnosis of PCa. The bright side to this disease is two-fold: it mainly effects those in older age, and early detection can account for a 95% success rate up to 15 years after detection.

Many prostate cancers are found with the two-step screening process: a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and or a digital rectal exam (DRE). Until recently, all men were advised to have a PSA blood test starting at age 50. The test measures the level of a protein produced by the prostate cells. Dr. Stalcup says there’s much research on the PSA which says it’s not a good test. But he says right now, it’s the best and least-invasive test available.

PSA is an enzyme, which is found the ejaculate and its role id to breakdown the little clot that forms in the ejaculate which is called semenogelin. PSA controlled by androgen. By monitoring PSA levels it provide an idea of what happening with the androgen. And the result shows that prostate cancer is very much androgen dependent and androgen driven.

Controversial PSA test In 1994, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was officially approved for PCa screening by the FDA, and 4.0 ng/ml was set as the upper limit of normal range. Following its prevalent use, PSA became the most frequent method of detecting PCa and has resulted in a considerable stage migration. However, considerable controversy remains about PSA screening, due to questions regarding survival benefit, cost effectiveness, and clinical factors such as the optimal age and total PSA at which to recommend biopsy [5], also increase in the levels of PSA is not as specific as it is sensitive for diagnosis. A rise in the PSA level can reflect the presence of cancerous cells, but can also be related to nonmalignant disorders such as

The study was publishes in 2015. This study determined the optimum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value coupled with free PSA% (FPSA%) to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies performed on benign prostate disease while identifying significant tumors of prostate cancer (PCa). The study involved 2,225 Caucasian patients who experienced biopsies between the years of 1995 and 2012 and were in the Biobank. The patients were stratified into four age groups: < or = 49 years, 50-60 years, 60-69 years, and > or = 70 years. To determine the new PSA cutoff values, scenarios were simulated with sensitivity and specificity calculated for all PSA cutoff values from 1.25 ng/ml to 6 ng/ml in increments of 0.5 ng/ml and FPSA% values of 15%, 18%, and 20% were compared and contrasted for all groups. Sensitivity was determined to be 88% in all groups, this value was utilized as the lower limit for the new cutoff values and among that group of > or = 88% those with the highest specificity and sensitivity were utilized as the new PSA cutoff values. Statistical analysis was calculated for the new cutoffs, including a 95% confidence interval. The receiver operating characteristic curves with stratified FPSA% values of < or = 18% vs. > 18% and < or = 21% vs. 21% were noted. The proposed new cutoffs for PSA, the FPSA% and the reduced number of biopsies

In the case with over diagnosing, the screening process for determining if a person has prostate cancer. The US Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) states, “the potential benefit of testing does not outweigh the expected harms” meaning there can be more harm than good. The controversy fixed whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing being suitable and helpful when diagnosing prostate cancer. It is recommended that the doctor talks to the patient about how they are feeling and listen to them if they are having difficulties urinating. The doctor can also examine the prostate itself by performing a Digital rectal exam (DRE). The other controversy is over-treatment of prostate cancer. Its controversial due to the medication the person and haw potently they are, ““infection or inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) may increase the chance for prostate cancer while another study shows infection may help prevent prostate cancer by increasing blood to the area.” Every man’s body is different and is going to react differently to

The American Cancer Society has reported that 1 in 6 men will develop prostate cancer throughout their lifetime. There will be an expected 242,000 new cases diagnosed this year resulting in about 30,000 deaths from prostate cancer, which makes it the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Prostate cancer is increasing in numbers and causing many deaths around the world. According to the American Cancer Society, prostate cancer is usually a very slow developing cancer. Prostatic Intraepithelial neoplasia or (PIN) is a condition in which the cells inside the prostate have started to grow abnormally. Scientists count the abnormal amount of cells under a microscope and diagnose the level of abnormal cell growth. High levels of PIN

Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme found in seminal fluid. It comes from the prostate gland (Johnson 2009). Typically, the more Prostatic Acid Phosphatase found in a sample of semen is a sign of prostate cancer. This is important because the Acid Phosphatase Color Test was once used to determine of a male had prostate cancer. It was later replaced by Prostate Specific Antigen, aka PSA. Forensic scientists still use this test to identify semen, however. In 1938, Gutman and Gutman reported increased levels of acid phosphatase in patients with metastatic prostate cancer (Taira, Merrick, Wallner, and Dattoli, “Reviving the Acid Phosphatase Test for Prostate Cancer”). It was later replaced by the Prostate Specific Antigen in 1971 (Taira, Merrick, Wallner, and Dattoli, “Reviving the Acid Phosphatase Test

Hypothesis/Objective: Prostate molecular markers have been first discovered using the cancer genome of individuals other than African American decent. Due to the lack of screening in a large cohort of AA PCa the prevalence of these markers in AA PCa is not known. Given the fundamental differences in the ancestral history of the genome of AA and EA the prevalence of these molecular markers may be markedly different. Conventional systematic sampling approaches may not reveal the true prevalence in AA PCa. Therefore, we propose to undertake an innovative approach using whole-mount radical prostatectomy to understand the racial disparity.