O Pioneers

During the late 19th and early 20th century in America, the rise of Feminism challenged the traditional gender roles. The female authors of this time period represented realistic aspects of women’s struggles, which often reflected limitations from society and their own lives. The three female authors who advocated women’s struggles in their writings were Sojourner Truth, Willa Cather, and Edith Wharton. In the speech to the American Equal Rights Association, Truth reveals that women do not have rights to present their voices in the court. Cather addresses women’s devastating labor life after the marriage in “A Wagner Matinee.” Likewise, in “April Shower”, Wharton portrays men’s criticism upon economically successful women. American female authors of the late 19th and early 20th century demonstrates the ideas of Feminism by men objecting to representation in politics, prohibiting career over marriage, and criticizing economic self-sufficiency.

profit when it came back. Serfs who used to be bound to the land either escaped

After Alexandra’s father, John Bergeson became sick he knew that she would have to be the one in charge of their land. His two older sons were hard workers but knew nothing in comparison to Alexandra when it came down to the logistics of the farm. John even stated “the boys were not as half intelligent as their sister” (Cather, 1987, p. 76). John’s dying wishes were to keep the land going and to never leave even when times were tough and that is exactly what Alexandra did. By leaving Alexandra in charge of the land Cather is showing her beliefs that women are beyond capable of being in charge and making decisions without men. She built her own empire by turning the untamed land into prosperous country side and she became one of the most successful farmers on the divide even after a long sixteen-year struggle.

People who read her stories, particularly “The Story of an Hour” may have several different views of what the meaning might be, but because Kate lived in a time when women were expected to obey their husband, it makes me think that Kate may have felt the same way she portrayed the main character to feel when her husband died in 1883. (526)

The heroine, Mrs. P, has some carries some characteristics parallel to Louise Mallard in “Hour.” The women of her time are limited by cultural convention. Yet, Mrs. P, (like Louise) begins to experience a new freedom of imagination, a zest for life , in the immediate absence of her husband. She realizes, through interior monologues, that she has been held back, that her station in life cannot and will not afford her the kind of freedom to explore freely and openly the emotions that are as much a part of her as they are not a part of Leonce. Here is a primary irony.

Lucy lectures Eliza on her “coquettish” ways and suggests that she be cautious in her attempt to rebel (7). However, Eliza does not heed Lucy’s advice and continues her quest for her ideal husband.

As a woman, the narrator must be protected and controlled and kept away from harm. This seemed to be the natural mindset in the 19th century, that women need to have guidance in what they do, what decisions they make, and what they say. John calls her a “little goose”(95) and his “little girl”(236), referring her to a child, someone who needs special attention and control. His need for control over her is proven when she admits that her husband is “careful and loving and hardly lets me stir without special direction”(49). John has mentally restrained the speaker’s mind, she is forced to hide her anxieties, fears and be submissive, to preserve the happiness of their marriage. When the narrator attempts to speak up, she is bogged down and made guilty of her actions. Her husband makes her feel guilty for asking, he says, “‘I beg of you, for my sake and for our child’s sake, as well as your own, that you will never for one instant let that idea enter your mind!’”(225-226). By making her feel guilty for her illness, John has trapped her mentally from speaking up about it, convincing her that she must be more careful about her actions. Men often impose the hardships placed upon women during this era. They are often the people reassuring them of their “womanly” duties, and guiding them

Having concluded that both females are in complete possession of their mental capacities at the beginning of the stories, a collation of The Awakening and “The Yellow Wall-Paper” uncovers a similarity in the oppressiveness of the ruling male figures. Both husbands in

o Most were tenant farmers driven of land by the potato famine in the 1840s

In the words of Sigmund Freud, “The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind.” The legendary psychologist saw dreams as an avenue to study one’s underlying motives for action. Similarly, in literature one finds striking significance from the illusions of protagonists that often predict the nature of one’s psyche. Two such examples present themselves in Blanche, from Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, and the grandmother, from Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find. The former tale follows a lady without a home who finds herself reliant on her belligerent and bestial brother-in-law. The latter traces a family’s road trip South and their encounter with a wanted fugitive. Both Blanche and the grandmother find themselves tethered to their idealistic and often times hypocritical fantasies which signify their underlying mental instability and foreshadow their eventual ruinations. Williams and O’Connor examine their protagonists’ delusions through gender, clothing, and nostalgia.

Marie is a country beauty queen, and has a magnetic pull that attracts everyone. The men in the drugstore are impressed and admiring Marie and her beauty, which is the same reaction she receives all her life. Frank could have his pick of the ladies when her comes to town but chooses Marie because she is the prettiest. In Part One, Marie is new to the divide, and is dressed like a city girl. Her beauty sets her apart from others throughout the book. If Frank hadn’t chosen her, her life would have been drastically happier and longer. In Part One, when Emil is attracted to Marie’s fancy clothes and beauty, Alexandra doesn’t pull him away. This is when Emil and Marie are young, but foreshadows their affair. Alexandra realizes in hindsight that she did not pull Emil away from Marie, even though she is married. Alexandra realizes that if she would have paid attention to Marie and Emil, she could have saved

       As the tale begins we immediately can sympathize with the repressive plight of the protagonist.  Her romantic imagination is obvious as she describes the "hereditary estate" (Gilman, Wallpaper 170) or the "haunted house" (170) as she would like it to be.  She tells us of her husband, John, who "scoffs" (170) at her romantic sentiments and is "practical to the extreme" (170).  However, in a time

These two stories exemplify the epitome of women’s repression in the male-dominated society of the late nineteenth century by conveying the feelings of

As cultural critic Edward Said once wrote, “[Exile’s] essential sadness can never be surmounted.” Mariam, the daughter of an affair between a wealthy businessman and a lowly servant, is exiled from her home of fifteen years into a marriage with someone who she has never met. She is left heartbroken, melancholic, and feeling alienated. Before her forced marriage, Mariam is huddled into her father’s house where she spends a few weeks coping with her mother’s death. The narrator describes the events leading up to her temporary residency with her father Jalil, “Two days before, Mariam has slept on the sidewalk waiting for him. Two days before--when

From a feminist critical perspective, it is clear to perceive that her husband’s death was a release of freedom from her marriage. The text describes that at times, she did and did not love her husband. However, love had not mattered anymore because she was now free. Whether they loved each other or not, she would have still been his property. This restriction of freedom was no longer her cross to bear. The death of her husband would pave her a path for a new life.