OSI MODEL Essay

But how does it work? The internet, based on the concept of “packet switching”, involves the travelling of small packets of data over one or more networks (Frenzel, 2013). This can be compared to “electronic postcards”, meaning that “a computer generates a piece of data and flings it into the net, just like the postal system, except 100 million times faster” (Cerf, 2013). This concept allows one computer to speak to many different computers around the network by sending out these “electronic postcards”. However, before these networks can work seamlessly together, they must use a common protocol, or set of rules for transmitting and receiving these packets of data. There are several protocols currently in use, including the OSI Model, the TCP/IP Model, UDP, HTTP, and FDP (Mitchell, 2014), but the most commonly used is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (Gilmer, 2011). Even as early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET (Kozierok,

You will discover different network topologies and different types of networks: LANs, WANs, and internetworks (internets). The concept of switching is discussed to show how small networks can be combined to create larger ones. You will learn about the Internet: its early history, the birth of the Internet, and the issues related to the Internet today. This module covers standards and standards organizations.

Layer 4 is the transport layer and utilises common transport protocols to enable network communications. This may include the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and Universal Data Protocol

This created physical connection between PC’s and the network line. Connected data’s are transporting data’s through the network. Cable is a medium through which information usually moves to one network to another network.

| Given a network topology of two or more routers and an IPv4 addressing scheme, implement static routing and confirm layer 3 connectivity.

Area: A set of routers and links that share the same detailed LSDB information, but not with routers in other areas, for better efficiency

The differences are originated from the environments in which data link layer protocols and transport layer protocols are destined to operate.

4. TRANSPORT (layer 4) – provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control.

The two authors follow the story from the conception of the idea of "packet switching" in the early 1960s to the creation and development of the Internet. We see how one idea led to another and how the intelligent people around the circumstances influenced the developments.

Peterson, L. L., & Davie, B. S. (2011). Computer Networks, Fifth Edition: A Systems Approach (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking). Morgan Kaufmann.

The transport layer: This layer determines how the packets are transported such as the order and what to do if there are errors. The purpose of this layer is to make sure the data be transported correctly. Besides, due to the limitation of physic (maximum IP packet size is 65535bits), the speed of transportation is limited. As a result, this layer needs break big data in to small packets. This can also collect small data into a big packet to reduce unnecessary transmission, which can improve the transmitting speed. Example protocols are TCP, UDP, SCTP.

The ability to send and receive data efficiently is the most important objective of networking computers.

A given layer in the OSI model generally communicates with three other OSI layers: the layer directly above it, the layer directly below it, and its peer layer in other networked computer systems. The data link layer in System A, for example, communicates with the network layer of System A, the physical layer of System A, and the data link layer in System B. The following figure illustrates this example.

Operators are responsible for constructing the TS policy based on the targeted TS objective in any particular location for any particular instance. TS policy will assist user’s device to participate in TS operation for achieving the desirable TS objective. Each TS policy has some upward network status sub-factor (NSF_U) and some downward network status sub-factors (NSF_D). TS policy prefers higher values of NSF_U and lower values of NSF_D. Table I represents the considered upward and downward factors for each TS policy.

A researcher examining proteins sign into a PC and uses a whole system of PCs to break down information. A representative gets to his organization 's system through a PDA keeping in mind the end goal to gauge the fate of a specific stock. An Army authority gets to and arranges PC assets on three distinctive military systems to figure a fight technique. These situations have one thing in like manner: They depend on an idea called network figuring.