OSI MODEL Essay

The OSI (Open System Interconnection) model is a set of specifications that allow computers around the world to openly communicate. It is pivotal to understanding and developing computer to computer communications in a network. Each layer plays a role in the process of sending and receiving data. The application layer is the top layer (layer seven) it promotes communication between programs and lower-layer network services. The services at this layer allow the network to decipher a program's request and the program to decipher data sent from the network. The Application layer protocols, programs handles formatting, procedure, security, synchronization, and any other requirements with the network. The Presentation Layer (layer 6) acts as a translator. For instance these protocols decode the jpg/jpeg files sent within the Web server’s HTTP response. So, in the last step (the Application layer) we enter the Web address and it took us to the Web site. This step allows us to see the images and content of the site. The Session Layer (layer 5) regulates and controls the communication between two nodes on the network. It is an ongoing exchange of data between the two and keeps the connection between them for the duration. It keeps the communication secure, detects whether or not the communication has been cut off and if it has it determines where to restart the

Module 1 establishes the framework of networking standards and protocols for the rest of the class. The module introduces data communications and defines their components and the types of data exchanged. You will learn how different types of data are represented and how data is flowed through the network. You

3.3.3 Important C Functions in ETSS In this section, important functions used to send and get requests to and from the traffic

Router segments the network. The Router will not allow broadcasting of data to another network, particularly if the IP address is not from the outside network where the source node belongs. If the destination is not part of the same network where the source node is located then the router directly connected to it will analyze the packet

• Break broadcasting domain. • Access controlling. Cables: This created physical connection between PC’s and the network line. Connected data’s are transporting data’s through the network. Cable is a medium through which information usually moves to one network to another network.

| 5 | Given a network topology of three or a) Answer: Path Determination Function 23. The process used by a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it out another interface.

Backbone Router: A router in one area, the backbone area Internal Router: A router in a single, nonbackbone area Area: A set of routers and links that share the same detailed LSDB information, but not with routers in other areas, for better efficiency

Contents Page Task 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Task 2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 Task 3…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Task 1 Types of network LAN stands for Local Area Network. LAN is a type of network that interconnects computers and devices either wired or wireless and covers a greater distance. LAN is mainly used in private organisations such as college or university. More

 Builds topologies map (Every node knows how to reach to its directly connected neighbors and by making sure that the total of this acknowledge is distributed to every node then every node will have enough information to build a complete map of the network).

4. TRANSPORT (layer 4) – provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control.

The Evolution of the Internet and Network Protocols The internet has revolutionized the modern world like no other invention has before, except perhaps, electricity. The internet allows sharing and collaboration to take place between people on opposite sides of the globe. Vinton G. Cerf, often called the “Father of

McCabe, J. D. (2007). Network Analysis, Architecture, and Design. Morgan Kaufmann. Oppenheimer, P. (2010). Top Down Network Design. Cisco Press. Peterson, L. L., & Davie, B. S. (2011). Computer Networks, Fifth Edition: A Systems Approach (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking). Morgan Kaufmann.

The transport layer: This layer determines how the packets are transported such as the order and what to do if there are errors. The purpose of this layer is to make sure the data be transported correctly. Besides, due to the limitation of physic (maximum IP packet size is 65535bits), the speed of transportation is limited. As a result, this layer needs break big data in to small packets. This can also collect small data into a big packet to reduce unnecessary transmission, which can improve the transmitting speed. Example protocols are TCP, UDP, SCTP.

Question: Write a 2-3 page paper describing the OSI model and how it relates to a network. Your response should include answers to the following: • On which layers of the OSI model do WAN protocols operate? • What are some of these protocols?

ASA College Division of Computer Technology Telecommunications Concepts (CIS 125) Instructor: Uma R. Jinna Term Project Networking Standards (OSI Layers) 01/14/2015 Iurii Mocanu Table of Contents Introduction 3 Advantages of Computer Networking 3 Disadvantages of Networking 4 Networking Standards (OSI Layers) 6 Layer 1: The Physical Layer 6 Layer 2: The Data Link Layer 6 Layer 3: The Network Layer 7 Layer 4: The Transport Layer 8 Layer 5: The Session Layer 8 Layer 6: The Presentation Layer 8 Layer 7: The Application Layer 9 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 11 Introduction The ability to send and receive data efficiently is the most important objective of networking computers.