Obesity Case 5.2

Different factors are responsible for obesity in children and adolescents. The cause of obesity was widely agreed, that eating too much and exercising too little. Food is energy, unless you use that energy; however, it will be store as fat. Nevertheless, once someone becomes obese, it is often not as easy as simply eating less and moving more will resolve the situation. From genetic to behavioral, and environmental, the imbalance of calories intake, calories have been use for the purpose of growth, development, metabolism and physical actives. Children usually consume their calories by means of food or beverages. When those foods are not utilize, for energy activities, it leads to obesity. Obesity could be consider, has been

In 2009 an article was published in *Lipids *testing the dietary effect of

high in calories from carbohydrates to balance out the loss of taste from lack of fat meaning that

“Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and its chemically related compound, 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), provide extremely bitter taste to some subjects (tasters) but are tasteless or only slightly bitter to others (nontasters)” (Hong, et al.,711-15). There have been many experiments done to examine the relationship between PTC tasting and food preferences. “Although PTC itself has not been found in nature, the ability to taste PTC is correlated strongly with the ability to taste other naturally occurring bitter substances, many of which are toxic. Furthermore, variation in PTC taste sensitivity has been correlated with dietary preferences that may have significant health effects” (Wooding, et al., 637-646). Therefore, differences in PTC tasting can correspond with sensitivity to diseases that are related to diets in the human population. “The ability to taste the bitter compounds PTC and PROP was found to be a protective factor against cigarette smoking. On the other hand, PTC tasters may perceive vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts as unpleasantly bitter” (Floriano, et al., 931-941). Based on the information above one can conclude that PTC tasters are less susceptible to smoking cigarettes but they are also less likely to consume food that contain beneficial nutrients. A crucial point to understand is that although cruciferous

In the article, “How The Food Industry Manipulates Taste Buds With 'Salt Sugar Fat'” it talks about the frightening truth that has been going on in the past few years with obesity and diabetes. Americans tend to have a huge addiction when it comes to food made with sugar, fat, salt, and as well as

Some obese and overweight individuals have single mutations in their genes, although this is uncommon in the population. Most obese individuals have mutations on multiple chromosomes, which interact with one another. Of the few reported cases of monogenic obesity, the primary cause was a mutation in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene. These mutations account for 6-8% of severe inheritable obese symptoms, with the common variant of the MC4R gene being carried by 22% of the general population. With a loss of function in the gene, it has led to an increased appetite in childhood. Treatment for MC4R deficiency or other mutations has not be done yet, due to the low prevalence of variants in the general population. There is a need for future research to identify which specific genes or groups of genes have a link to obesity. It is recommended the testing will have practical implications for the mechanism-based therapy as well as effective and specific protocols. This should be the case for individuals who have the muted mutation and the protocols should be based on lifestyle intervention and pharmacological or surgical

There is an established connection with obesity and high lipids. This can result in increased risk of coronary heart disease. In 1995, it was

Sweetness has been the obsession that affected humans for many years. It is the satisfaction that people seem to like, however, there might be a downfall to this addiction with sugar. There have been studies that claimed that the obesity rates in America have increased dramatically for over the past 20 years (Eatwell.com, 2012). Obesity rates have increased by double that it has made it to the top three health concerns in America. Experts are trying to find out what causes obesity. Moreover, there are studies that linked with drinking large amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages that a child can risk obesity. This might possibly prove that obesity can be caused by sugar-sweetened food.

(Dr. Dean Ornish) Food has a lot do with how people feel, both physically and mentally. A diet filled with more high saturated fats is associated with a rapid progression of disabilities in M.S.(Jelinek,79)

The more general research question under review is about obesity. My researchable question is the effects of obesity on health, what health concerns can happen due to obesity. It can be easily found and discussed the potential dangers of obesity. People should care more about this topic because people need to care about their health. Obesity is lowering our expected years to live which it should be doing the opposite because of all the healthcare and medicine we have now. It is prevalent in the younger population which is different than it has been in the past. This is a problem that could potentially affect anyone or anyone you know, that is why people should care about this topic, it is a problem.

A., Smith, F. J., and Burn, P. The ob protein (leptin) pathway – A link between adipose tissue and central neural networks. Horm. Metab. Res. 28(12), 619-632 (1996).

Obesity basically means having too much body fat. Not being overweight for your height, having too much muscle, or water in your body. What exactly is obesity? “Obesity is a condition that is associated with having an excess of body fat, defined by genetic and environmental factors that are difficult to control when dieting. Obesity is classified as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or greater. BMI is a tool used to measure obesity. Obesity increases your risk of developing related conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and sleep apnea, to name a few. Many individuals are affected by obesity and are not aware of it” (O.A.C, 2016). Causes of obesity vary from person to person, but most are from the same reasons. Taking in more calories than your body can burn leads to obesity because your body stores the unused calories as fat. Typical causes are eating too much food than your body can use, drinking too much alcohol, and not getting enough exercise. Many obese people who lose large amounts of weight and gain it back think it is their fault. They blame themselves for not having the willpower to keep the weight off. Many people regain more weight than they lost. Today, we know that biology is a big reason why some people cannot keep the weight off. Some people who live in the same place and eat the same foods become obese, while others do not. Our bodies have a complex system to help keep our

Therefore, overweight individuals who choose to consume artificial sweeteners can prevent weight gain. Furthermore, when artificially sweetened beverages were compared to water in a short-term weight loss program, subjects consuming artificially sweetened beverages actually lost significantly more weight and reported considerably less feelings of hunger (Peters et al., 2014). Thus, the increased satisfaction obtained from consuming a sweet beverage can lead to reduced overall caloric intake. Finally, researchers Pandurangan, Park, and Kim (2014) studied the impact of aspartame on adipogenesis, or the formation of fatty tissue. When adipocytes were treated with aspartame, there was significantly reduced lipid accumulation as well as down regulation of chemical receptors critical for adipogenesis. Therefore, this information suggests “that aspartame may be a potent substance to alter adipocyte differentiation and control obesity” (Pandurangan, Park, & Kim, 2014). So, not only does consuming aspartame behaviorally help with adherence to weight loss programs, but also is chemically proven to control obesity.

The everyday routines of life can and will be more difficult if encumbered with obesity.

Obesity is a condition in which the over accumulation of adipose fat tissue causes the weight of a person to increase abnormally. Their weight exceeds by 20%, as a factor of their ideal body weight. According to recent analysis, statistics show that more than one third of the world’s population is targeted by obesity. Research shows that overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight. Obesity occurs greatly amongst adults who are 18 years or older. An estimated 600 million adults were obese out of the 1.9 billion that were overweight, around the world in 2014. One in three adults in Mexico, New Zealand and United States are obese, and one in four adults in Australia, Canada, Chile and Hungary are obese. In contrast, rates of obesity are much lower in Asian countries, where approximately 2-4% of adults have obesity. In countries such as Mexico and the United States, Latino and Africans have the highest rates of obesity amongst all the individuals. However, along with adults, statistics show that the rates for obesity are also high among children within and below the age of 5. As calculated in 2013, the number of children across the world that were either overweight or obese was 42 million. Since then, the rates have increased by 30% more in in low- and middle-income countries than in developed countries. Due to the fact that this condition continues at higher rates across the world, several organizations, such as the World Health Organization, are working with and