Obesity Case Study

Obesity is considered to be a public health issue as there are a lot of serious health problems linked to overweight and excessive fatness. It can lead to high blood pressure, diabetes, and other chronic conditions. Most of researches showed that obesity was more likely to happen in developing countries rather than developed ones due to their poor health systems. But why does America, one of the super-developed countries, have such a high rate of obesity compared to other ones?

The relationship between β-oxidation of fatty acids and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is inversely proportional under normal conditions (6). In type II diabetes, a large amount of reducing equivalents from β-oxidation enter the electron transport chain, diverting complex I where the core ROS production site resides (7,8). An obesity-related disorder such as diabetes causes inflammatory macrophages to invade white adipose tissue, causing inflammation and contributing to insulin resistance (9).

Moran, L.J, Z. Sui, C. Cramp, and J. Dodd. "A Decrease in Diet Quality Occurs During

Very few cases of Metabolic Syndrome can be fully attributed to hereditary causes. Rather, over-time, an individual’s lack of proper lifestyle habits, including diet, physical activity, environmental health, stress, and interrupted sleep patterns, can lead to the formation of insulin resistance and the five conditions, eventually leading to Metabolic Syndrome. This is brought about by the invasion of white adipose tissue. Mononuclear cells release cytokines, which then create insulin resistance in various tissues including muscle and the liver. In fact, the American Heart Association states, “skeletal muscle is the primary tissue that accounts for glucose disposal.” (AHA) As a result of insulin resistance, glucose uptake and fat mass increase substantially. The reason for the uptake in glucose is due to the suppression of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, which results in a decrease in glucose output from the liver. When these areas are lacking or have been neglected, the body physiologically responds by producing inflammation, which is the first line of immune defense of the innate immune

Fat: Decreased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue. Increased triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue, fatty acid and triglyceride levels in blood, and production of ketone bodies in

and Ferrannini, E., 2000 pp. 1368). Research Question and Hypothesis The investigators did not develop a hypothesis, but wanted to answer a specific question. They wanted to know the effect of obesity and diabetes on gluconeogenesis and endogenous glucose output. Sampling The sample population for the study was a purposive sample obtained from a diabetes clinic and an obesity clinic. Because the investigators had a population characteristic in mind for the research, purposive sampling was an effective means by which to obtain participants. The researchers studied a group of 55 participants that included both men and women. Of the sample population, 40 were considered obese and 15 were considered a healthy weight. Obesity was defined as a BMI greater or equal to 27. Twenty-eight of the obese participants were also diabetic and nine of the healthy weight participants were diabetic. The author of the article stated that the participants gave written informed consent and the protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors (1), participate in lipid and glucose metabolism (2,3) respond to a wide variety endogenous and exogenous ligands (4). There is three subtypes, PPAR훼, PPAR훽/훿, and PPAR훾 , are known (2). PPAR훼 is expressed in heart, intestine, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and kidney. PPAR훽/훿 is presented in all tissue. PPAR훾 is mainly presented large intestine, heart and adipose tissue (5,6) . PPAR훼 is highly presented in cardiomyocyte more than PPAR훾 (60).

We sum up that the IPB-1+CO diet could induce similar characteristic in body measurement and plasma lipid profiles with western atherogenic diet and suggested that responsiveness could be a good sign to choose the individual monkeys as an atherosclerosis model with any atherogenic diet, included IPB-1+CO. If there was no increase of TPC at the first 3 months of feeding, the monkeys might not produce a hypercholesterolemia, although for long term feeding, and might not form the plaques in the arteries.

There are lots of studies that signify a connection of retinoid signaling with energy balance and metabolic disease (12, 13). Previously the intracellular function of retinoid in energy homeostasis has been recognized[16] also a number of investigators have suggested a link between the serum retinol:RBP4 ratio with obesity and type 2 diabetes(11). In general, adipocyte derived RBP4 has classified in category of factors with direct effect on metabolism(5). The unique finding of the present study was detection of significantly lower levels of RMR/kg in the subjects with higher circulating RBP4 concentration, and on the contrary, higher levels of RMR/kg in those with lower circulating RBP4 concentration. In our study, we also found that in high RBP4 concentration 83.3% of participants had RMR/kg < 20 kcal/24 h/kg and subjects who had RMR/kg ≥ 20 kcal/24 h/kg were 16.7%. These findings clearly indicate that the resting metabolic rate is reduced at high levels RBP4

Herada et al observed that plasma taurine was low in non-diabetic obese mice when compared with Non Obese Diabetic(NOD) mice. The lipid lowering abilities of taurine is evidenced by lower accumulation of fats in OLEFTs. We conclude that increasing dietary taurine might improve lipid metabolism in overweight people, thereby decreasing the risk for heart related diseases. The effect of taurine was particularly seen in females due to high body fat depots and increased insulin

The study of oxidative stress and obesity has stimulated several attempts in recent times to define the contribution of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome to oxidative stress as it is in metabolic syndrome patients. Although there have been recent attempts to do so, studies have revealed the role of obesity as a critical and core component in the development of metabolic syndrome. Essentially, obesity plays an integral role in amplifying oxidative stress. It has been proven that patients who are obese show oxidative stress-induced decreased vasodilatory response to acetylcholine. This response inversely relates to body mass index, waste to hip ratio, fasting insulin and insulin resistance [70]. This situation remains to be

Most people who suffer from obesity have plasma levels with elevated free fatty acids (FFAs). As Mandal stated, FFAs cause insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and the liver. A group of individuals (Lam TKT, Yoshii H, Haber A, Bogdanovic Lam L, Fantus G, Giacca A) conducted a study addressing hepatic insulin resistance caused by FFAs. In this environmentally controlled study, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with lipid/heparin. Results of this study show an increase in FFAs and insulin resistance (Boden, 2005).

The levels of triglycerides in the blood have developed as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Triglyceride levels in high serum abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism and other risk factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and reduced HDL cholesterol levels. It has been several studies that carbohydrate restriction significantly reduced triglyceride levels

Administration of cholesterol to rats caused significant decrease in serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels. These results are is in line with results of Olorunnisola et al. (2012) who showed that there was a significant decrease in levels of total protein, albumin and albumin/globulin ratio in rats which fed on high cholesterol diet when compared to animals with normal diet. This may be due to hypercholesterolemia caused an impairment of liver function and leads to decrease in the capacity of hepatic parenchyma to synthesis albumin which lead to the decrease of serum total albumin and globulin levels (Ghorab, 2014).

Obesity is a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity isn't just a cosmetic concern it increases the risk of diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure. The body mass index compares an individual’s height and weight but is not accurate for everyone. Being fat was a mark of health and wealth prior to the 20th century because it implied you had the resources to get lots of food, according to a report from the University of Minnesota in Duluth. Today, obesity is more an indicator of current and future health problems. The estimated annual medical cost of obesity in the U.S. was $147 billion in 2008; the medical costs for people who are obese were $1,429 higher than