Obesity : Childhood And Adolescence And Colorectal Cancer

The majority of the studies done on the link between diet and cancer indicate that there is a relationship between high fat intake and an increased risk

John, E. M., Sangaramoorthy, M., Hines, L. M., Stern, M. C., Baumgartner, K. B., Giuliano, A. R., Slattery, M. L. (2015). Overall and abdominal adiposity and premenopausal breast cancer risk among Hispanic women: the breast cancer health disparities study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 24(1), 138–147.

Smoking “remains the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality from cancer, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States”3 especially among Hispanic adults. According to the article “Alcohol consumption is an established cause of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colorectum, and female breast [cancers]”3. In the Hispanic/Latino populations “in some studies the prevalence of binge drinking (5 or more drinks per occasion) in Hispanics males is higher compared with non-Hispanic whites”3 so HIspanic males are more at risk of having certain types of cancer related to alcohol consumption as compared to other populations in the United States. Obesity is another risk factor that increases the incidence of cancer rates in the Hispanic/Latino population. Obesity is associated with breast, esophageal, colon, kidney, and pancreas cancer. Among adults “the obesity prevalence among Mexican women increased from 26.6% to 44% and in men from 15.7% to 36%”3. Since the rates of obesity are increasing, so are the number of incidences of cancer associated with

The risk factors of pancreatic cancer are habits that most Americans have developed and can not seem to break. There are five major risk factors that people should consider which include the following; Genetics, Diabetes, Smoking, Obesity and Diet (Wax, 2012). Pancreatic cancer runs in five to ten percent of people who have immediate family members who have also had it (Wax, 2012). Different genes have been indicated as risk but no “pancreatic cancer gene” has yet been discovered (Wax, 2012). “People with diabetes develop Pancreatic cancer about twice as often then people without it” (Margolis, 2002, p.497) and the two diseases have been linked (Wax, 2012). Tobacco use is known to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer (Cancer Research UK, 2013). Smoking will double the risk in developing the disease (Wax, 2012). People, who quit smoking, can reduce the risk of pancreatic, lung, mouth, and certain other cancers and diseases. It is a known fact that people with a body mass index ( BMI) higher

Birt, D. F.; Pelling, J. C.; Nair, S., and Lepley, D. Diet intervention for modifying cancer risk. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1996; 395:223-34.

According to epidemiological studies, there is a direct correlation between BMI and the risk of obtaining an obesity related disease. The authors of “Waist Circumference and Cardiometabolic Risks….” state that men and women with a BMI greater than 30 are at a very high risk

E.E. Calle, C. Rodriguez, K. Walker-Thurmond, et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adultsN. Engl. J. Med., 348 (2003), pp. 1625–1638

Cancer is the leading cause of death among Asians Americans, and rates vary with age, acculturation and location. The stated differences may represent the influence of environment, such as diet and health habits, and therefore may be modifiable. When it comes to liver and stomach cancer, Asian Americans are tree times more likely to develop liver cancer than non-Hispanic whites and twice as likely to develop liver cancer. In the Chinese, liver cancer is associated with Hepatitis B (precursor to liver disease and cancer) and in whites, liver cancer is primarily associated with alcohol. For colon cancer, it is suggested that diet is related, so is other environmental risk factors. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Chinese

The Epidemiology Research Program strives at decreasing the stress of cancer by overseeing large, nationwide studies that they anticipate will increase the knowledge base of cancer related to the causation and survival as well as having an impact on cancer prevention programs (ACS, 2017a). They have a team of experts that manage everything pertaining to cancer prevention studies (ACS, 2017a). From these studies, they have published over 750 scientific articles, which have been utilized nationally as well as internationally (ACS, 2017a). They have made significant contributions to tobacco-related research, obesity, diet, activity levels, use of hormones, pollution, and other cancer related exposures (ACS, 2017a). For more than 60 years, information obtained involving the research of nearly 2.7 million men and women of the United States that were willing to be enrolled in the

Maori aged 60-69 years were 1.5 times more likely to have an adenoma detected than Europeans of the same age (Ministry of Health, 2015). Maori were almost 1.5 times more likely to have an advanced adenoma detected than Europeans (Ministry of Health, 2015). Asians were over 1.5 times less likely to have an advanced adenoma detected than Europeans (Ministry of Health, 2015). There was a recommendation that Asians were less likely and Maori were more likely than Europeans to have neoplasia detected, but this was not statistically significant (Ministry of Health, 2015). Asians were less likely than Europeans to have either advanced adenoma or colorectal cancer detected (Ministry of Health, 2015). The Positive Predictive Values for adenoma and advanced adenoma was lower for females than males (Ministry of Health, 2015). The PPV for adenoma was about 1.5 times less for Asians

While the numbers reveal the truth of many Americans, the facts and trends illustrate that not only are adults affected with this condition, but children are as well. With childhood obesity trends showing an increase, this can lead to a shorter lifespan for many children as they develop diseases much earlier than they should (Levi, Segal, & Salay, 2012). These costs will continue to rise as people develop more illnesses related to obesity.

The sample and setting for the 4-CBCS study consisted of NHW, Hispanic, and Native American women, who were selected from a state tumor registry between the ages of 25-79 years old, who resided in non-reservation areas in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, or Utah at time of diagnosis. “Controls were selected with target age populations from sources ranging from commercial mailing lists to driver’s license lists, and frequency matched on ethnicity and 5-year age distribution of cases” (Kim et al., 2016, p. 2). The study’s instruments included a structured computer questionnaire given by trained interviews, done in both English and Spanish. It asked the participants about dietary intake for the year prior to diagnosis and height and weight was taken at the time of the interview. For the control group, information was collected on dietary intake for the year prior to being selected for the control group. Participation was 63% for Hispanic cases and 36% for the control, and 71% for NHW and 47% for the control (Kim et al., 2016).

Childhood obesity is also an excellent predictor of adult health and is related to adult levels of blood pressure, insulin levels, and morbidity from coronary heart disease. Children who are overweight early in life also tend to become more obese as adults when compared to people who became obese after childhood (Freedman, 2001).

Understanding cancer and prevention at early age is very important especially in early life. “Health disparities signifies a difference I aces, utilization, quality of care, health status, health environment, or health outcomes between groups” (S. Buchbinder and N. Shanks). The risks of cancer in early life include: childhood obesity, maternal alcohol consumption, benzene exposure, allergies, asthma, high or low birth weight, early pubertal timing and exposure to radiation. Vulnerable population has a greater risk of having cancer in early life but addressing risk factors can advance opportunities to promote health equity and reduce the risk of cancer development. According to National Cancer Institute, “African Americans are more than twice

There are five ways that we can do to prevent colorectal cancer in our daily life. First, maintaining a healthy weight. There are at least 11 different cancer have been linked to weight gain and obesity. (siteman.wustl.edu) Second, do not smoke. Smoking can increase your chances to get cancer in addition to heart disease stroke and emphysema. (siteman.wustl.edu) Third, do more exercises. Being physically active lowers the risk of many serious diseases, including colon cancer. (siteman.wustl.edu) Forth, limit red meat or processed food. Eating steak or pork and bacon or sausage can increased the risk of colorectal cancer. (siteman.wustl.edu)Last but not least, get enough calcium and vitamin D. According to statistic, people who did not get enough vitamin D and calcium has a higher risk of colorectal cancer. (siteman.wustl.edu)