Obesity Essay

Calcium can sometimes act like a natural diuretic, helping the kidneys release sodium and water. Also, when calcium levels in the blood drop, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released, which causes calcium to be released from the bones to increase calcium blood levels and PTH can raise blood pressure. Scientists are still trying to figure out how and why, but

Obesity has played a major role in media over the last decade. With growing concern over the issue, a controversy over whether obesity is a disease itself or not has developed. Obesity, by definition, is a condition that is characterized by excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body, usually indicated by a body mass index of 30 or greater. According to the currently accepted definition of disease, a condition of the body or one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms, it can be concluded that obesity does not meet the criteria to be classified as a disease.

When tourist come to America they see the bigger food portions on our plates than what they would see in other countries throughout the world. In the U.S. obesity is a one of the major problems we have because people are free to buy and eat what they want without anyone to tell them differently. The cost of healthier foods are also more expensive than buying fast food or anything else that’s not healthy. As the obesity issue becomes a bigger problem new problems start to rise. For example health issues are increasing for the obese.

Why do Americans overeat to the point of becoming obese and what are the effects on the body? As the world looks at society today, clearly Americans have an issue with being overweight and becoming obese especially compared with other countries. “Approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2—19 years are obese,” and “more than one-third of U.S. adults (35.7%) are obese” (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 2013, Data and Statistics).

Over one-half of all Americans are overweight or obese. If you are overweight or obese, carrying this extra weight puts you at risk for developing many diseases. Women generally have more subcutaneous fat than men, but appear to suffer a greater cardiovascular risk from a given degree of fat than women.

Blood pressure in our blood vessels is monitored by the baroreceptors. These receptors send messages to the cardio regulatory center of the medulla oblongata to regulate our blood pressure every minute. In order for blood to be delivered to all organs and tissues, our cardiovascular system must always maintain adequate blood pressure. If the blood pressure drops too low, these organs will not receive an adequate of nourishing blood. Also if the pressure goes too high, the walls of the arteries will stretch and increased activity within the baroreceptor, information will then be sent through the nerves to the cardio regulatory center within the medulla which will responds by initiating the mechanisms that decrease the blood pressure to a normal

Obesity does not discriminate against social status, sex, or race; it can take a person’s life and turn it upside down in the blink of an eye if they are not careful. Some people think of obesity as a worldwide killer because there is no outrunning it if it overtakes a person’s body. Every 1 in 3 adults are obese right here in America, that should give each and every individual some type of hint that there is a major problem occurring. The obesity epidemic is not something that has just caught the attention of people recently; it has been going on since the 1950’s! This epidemic is a major problem; over 2.8 million people die each year as a result of being obese or extremely overweight and over 40 million children were said to be obese in

The sympathetic nervous system is controlled by the hypothalamus and transmits signals down the spinal cord to the periphery through alpha and beta receptor sites. Alpha receptor stimulation induces smooth muscles contraction in blood vessels and bronchioles. Beta receptors respond with smooth muscle relaxation in blood vessels and bronchioles. Controls the “fight or flight” response which controls sweating, pupil dilations, and temperate regulation. Loss to the sympathetic nervous system can disrupt homeostasis. The parasympathetic nervous system carries signals to the organs in the abdomen, heart, lungs, and skin above the waist. The parasympathetic nerves attempt to control a rapidly increasing blood pressure by slowing heart rate, this may happen when the sympathetic nervous system is

The preliminary results of comparison of renal artery sympathetic denervation and antihypertensive drugs are quite even. Nevertheless, a prospective, randomized controlled trial of 2014 indicates a different result; after 6 months of closely follow up, there’s no notable antihypertensive effect. Examination of clinical application and building a rigorous indication of intervention should be

Heart rate and blood pressure can change with many different stimuli; any stimuli that result in an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity, such as emotional stress or physical exercise, should result in an increase in heart rate and/or blood pressure, assuming there are no other health problems at play. Similarly, activities that inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity help to decrease both heart rate and blood pressure (Powers and Howley, 2009, p. 178). However, there are extrinsic factors that can affect the two: for example, beta-blockers will stimulate vasodilation and thus a decrease in blood pressure (Powers and Howley, 2009, p. 183). The kidneys also plays a large role in cardiac regulation: secretion of norepinephrine by the adrenal glands leads to a more rapid heart rate, and higher levels of water retention by the kidneys leads to increased blood volume and thus increased blood pressure (Powers and Howley, 2009, p. 178).

The spike in blood glucose levels after ingestion of simple sugars is thought to be related to some of the heart and vascular diseases which have become more frequent in recent times. Simple sugars form a greater part of modern diets than formerly, perhaps leading to more cardiovascular disease. The degree of causation is still not clear, however.

Whenever there is an injury occurs to the kidney, reduction of nephron number will be result from compensatory of glomerular haemodynamic changes. The remaining nephron will be undergoing a process call hypertrophy, with the increase in glomerular blood flow. Intraglomerular pressure and amount of filtrate formed by each single nephron rise. Angiotensin II being activated and cause the vasoconstrictor

The participants of group 1, which consumed the hypotonic solution to blood plasma, experienced decreased ADH and increased ANH secretion. The ADH secretion decreased because the intake of a high volume of pure water lowered the plasma osmolality and heightened the vascular volume. The increase in vascular volume also increased ANH secretion. Therefore, group 1 had the highest UPR and total water output, and the lowest SG and NaCl concentrations in their urine (Figure 1, 2, 3, and 6). Also, due to ANH secretion, group 1 had the highest total NaCl output (Figure 5). Group 2 had increased ANH and decreased ADH secretion, due to the intake of high volume, but experienced no change in osmolarity because the solution was isotonic to the blood plasma. This lead to an increase in the UPR, total water output and, due to ANH secretion, lead to an increase in salt output of the urine (Figure 1, 5 and 6). Group 3 experienced an increase in salt concentration, as they received the hypertonic solution, in relation to blood plasma. The consumption of this solution signaled the secretion of ADH, but since the volume of the solution (only 90ml), did not significantly disrupt the vascular volume, it did not initiate ANH secretion. The increase in ADH secretion lowered the the UPR and total water output for group 3, but caused a higher SG and NaCl concentration and output (Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). Even

Aldosterone- Is produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. Aldosterone affects the body’s ability to regulate blood pressure. This hormone sends signals to organs that increase the amount of sodium the body sends into the bloodstream or the amount of potassium released in the urine. This hormone can increase blood volume by causing the bloodstream to reabsorb water with the sodium. Indirectly this hormone also helps maintain the blood’s pH and electrolyte levels (Huether & McCance, 2017, p.455-458)

Salt is regulated in our body by the kidney and our adrenal gland. The adrenal gland produces a hormone called aldosterone, which sends a message to the kidneys, saying how much sodium to retain. Thus, salt regulation is part of the endocrine system.