Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (NIV)

Sleep apnea appears in about 25 percent of men and almost 10 percent of women. This sleep disorder can affect people of all ages, including little babies, young children and especially people over the age of fifty and people that are overweight. There are specific physical traits and clinical features that are similar in patients with obstructive sleep apnea including a large neck, obesity, and essential irregularities that reduce the diameter of the upper airway, such as nasal blockage, a low-hanging soft palate, inflated tonsils, or a small jaw with an overbite (ClevelandClinic.org,

Obesity remains an extremely serious issue worldwide. Once considered a problem for wealthier counties, overweight and obesity are now dramatically increasing in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2011). In American, the rates of obesity continue to soar. CDC (2009) recognizes obesity as a risk factor for diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and other health problems. According to NHANES over two-thirds of the US are overweight or obese, and over one-third are obese (CDC, 2009). Treatment for this illness varies; it may include the incorporation of diet, exercise, behavior modification, medication, and surgery. Since there is no single cause of all overweight and obesity, there is no single way to prevent or treat overweight

The pathophysiology of obesity is when there is a buildup of excess body fat. This excess body fat is determined by calculating a person body mass index (BMI). The BMI is calculated by an individual’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of a person’s height in metersthis allows us to come up with appropriate range of weight to an individual’s height. The body mass index is used to find out if an individual is overweight or obese. Individuals who’s BMI that have a range of 25 to 29.99 are thought to be pre- obese and overweight When an individual body mass index has surpassed 30kg this person is considered obese. As an individual’sBMI increases they become part of a different class of obesity there’s class I which is 30-34.9, class II

The population who are diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often experience daytime drowsiness and are at risk for ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, hypertension, and other vascular related problems (Hsu et al., 2007). There are several treatment options for people with OSA, which are weight loss, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), dental appliances, and surgical procedure. This study evaluates patients who have

Over the past several years obesity hasn’t just increased drastically, it has doubled. Due to the drastic increase and the rate of obesity health factors have also went up significantly. Obesity contributes to many major health complications such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. In this paper we are going to explore the causes and effects of obesity, and what we as nurses can do to help.

According to the National Institutes of Health, “Obesity and overweight together are the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States. An estimated 300,000 deaths per year are due to the obesity epidemic.” When people become severely overweight it affects every part of their body. In this first ad, the method of self-slaughter is hanging, or asphyxiation. The two systems that are most greatly affected by both obesity and asphyxiation alike, are the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Under the weight of their own bodies, it is difficult for the lungs to function properly taking in oxygen and pumping oxygenated blood through the body. Having an excessive amount of intra-abdominal, or belly fat “affects your blood pressure; your blood lipid levels and interferes with your ability to use insulin effectively. You use insulin to process glucose derived from food, our body 's primary fuel. If you cannot use insulin properly you may develop diabetes, a risk factor of cardiovascular disease.” The cardiovascular system suffers greatly due to the increase of fat in the body; coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and other cardiac diseases are very common causes of death in the obese

In this study, they investigated the social spread of obesity by performing a quantitative analysis on 12,067 people that were a part of the Framingham Heart Study. Longitudinal statistical models were used to assess the effect of another person’s weight gain on an individual. They found that a person was 57% more likely to gain weight if they had a friend who became obese, 40% more likely if their sibling became obese, and 37% more likely if their spouse became obese. Hence, obesity seems to be influenced by social factors. This study seems like a reliable source as it was published by the New England Journal of Medicine in 2007.

The statistics surrounding obesity and sleep apnea tell a very scary tale. According to SleepFoundation.Org, 65% of all Americans are either overweight or obese. Dr. Richard Simon, a sleep specialist in Walla Walla, has even linked this epidemic to a lack of sleep, stating that a decrease in exercise, an increase in caloric intake, and a major decline in sleep has thrown the body's natural rhythms out of

Dalton, S. (2005). Our Overweight Children: What Parents, Schools And Communities Can Do to Control the Fatness Epidemic. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Furthermore, the widespread disease of OSA is strongly correlated to the obesity epidemic, which is a significant public health related disorder plaguing adults worldwide (Franklin & Lindberg, 2015; Lee et al., 2008; Peppard, Young, Barnet, Palta, Hagen, & Hla, 2013; Punjabi, 2008). Epidemiological studies published between 1993 and 2013 from North America, China, Spain, India, Korea, Japan and Sweden found that individuals who had an AHI greater than 5, revealed an estimated prevalence of about 17 percent in females and 22 percent in males (Franklin & Lindberg, 2015). Therefore, men are more likely to have sleep apnea than women, especially with aging (Franklin & Lindberg, 2015). Notably, based on epidemiological studies from 2008 and 2013, prevalence rates rose over time and OSA was accounted for in 37% of males and in 50% of female (Franklin & Lindberg, 2015). Additionally, OSA prevalence is greater in different population subcategories, those individuals who are at higher risk for OSA include advancing age, minorities, obesity, male sex (Badran et al., 2015; Peppard et al., 2013; Punjabi, 2008). White, Black/African American, and Hispanic Americans (19%-20%) are nearly 50 % more likely than Asian Americans (10%) to have been determined to have OSA (Adenekan, Pandey, McKenzie, Zizi, Casimir & Jean-Louis, 2013, p.7 as

Obstructive rest apnea is a typical unending illness in Western culture whose commonness is evaluated at 2% of ladies and 4% of men in the overall public. It is portrayed basically by repetitive impediment of the upper aviation route that outcomes in oxyhemoglobin desaturation and occasional feelings of excitement from rest. It now creates the impression that even gentle to direct rest apnea is connected with the improvement of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular danger. With expanding corpulence, rest apnea can add to the advancement of daytime alveolar hypoventilation (weight hypoventilation disorder), cor pulmonale, and candid respiratory disappointment. Subsequently, given its high pervasiveness and grimness, rest apnea represents a huge clinical weight to Western culture.

The more general research question under review is about obesity. My researchable question is the effects of obesity on health, what health concerns can happen due to obesity. It can be easily found and discussed the potential dangers of obesity. People should care more about this topic because people need to care about their health. Obesity is lowering our expected years to live which it should be doing the opposite because of all the healthcare and medicine we have now. It is prevalent in the younger population which is different than it has been in the past. This is a problem that could potentially affect anyone or anyone you know, that is why people should care about this topic, it is a problem.

Obesity is a leading risk factor for OSA, as weight increases the risk of OSA increases as well. The prevalence of OSA in obese patients is almost twice compared to normal weight patients. As a patient gains 10% of their weight their risk of developing OSA increase by 6. It is estimated that almost 25% of adults with a BMI between 25-28kg.m2 have some form of OSA. Being overweight can worsen OSA due to fat deposition in specific spots that may induce apnea. Patients who are overweight have additional fat tissue by the upper airway causing an increase in collapsibility leading to apnea events. In addition, the fat deposits around the trunk reduce the chests functioning leading to an increase in oxygen demand.

Inverse ratio ventilation and Airway pressure release ventilation were also looked at in this study and they found only a short term benefit to patients with ARDS and was not recommended due to lack of trials with these modes showing an improvement in mortality.1

Hofer et al. (2005) presented a case study of a 42 year old male who is morbidly obese (433kg) presenting for bariatric surgery. His comorbidities included obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary hypertension, lower extremity lymphedema, and gastroesophageal reflux. Arterial blood gas was obtained and the results were as follows: pH 7.39, PaO2 69 mmHg, SaO2 91%, bicarbonate 30mEq, and PaCO2 51 mmHg and a pulmonary function test that indicated severe restrictive pattern. The patient’s intra-operative pain was strictly treated with dexmedetomidine. Post-operatively the patient was transferred to the ICU and remained intubated overnight due to not meeting extubation criteria, which he did meet two hours later, but the decision was made to leave the patient intubated overnight. Once extubated, the patient’s opioid requirements were less; indicating that opioid-free anesthesia is an effective alternative pain relief while avoiding opioid-induced respiratory depression.