Objectivity And Standpoint Epistemology

1. According to the author, our explanations of social problems, for the most part, are based on all the following except:

The first objection to Moderate Objectivism the objection to the Functionality Thesis brought forward by Pojman and Fieser. The function of morality, as claimed by Pojman and Fieser, is supposed to serve everyone’s interests or at least those who are affected. Thrasymachus claims that the strongest members of the society make up justice to control the weak and benefit themselves. When the weak ‘does justice’, this is no more than performing an action that serves to benefit the elite class at large. (Luco, notes) In addition, societies have followed and still do follow moral principles that only seem to benefit an elite class of people. This can be seen from several case studies:

Dorothy Smith’s approach challenges Sociological Theory and the way it has been constructed. She offered a framework to close the gap between the objective knowledge and the personal experiences that people encounters in everyday life. Most importantly, Smith challenges one of the most traditional sociological discourses of male dominance through the use of concepts, theologies, and textual concepts that confines human behavior. Her framework known as institutional ethnography constitutes that bridge between the macro and micro level in society. She also focuses in marginal groups from the micro level and the way their agency is conceptualized to and dominated by the macro level’s ruling relations. She takes women and her experiences to rebuild this framework from a standpoint of inquiry rather than social scientific inquiry. At the end, she sets forward a new goal for marginal groups inner circle to be interconnected with the subjective world and influencing the ongoing theoretical method to find the overall meaning of women. She doesn’t only challenge the official and personal texts mediating the relation of ruling between the abstract theories and the standpoint of women, but she challenges women to be part of a sociological turn for them instead of contributing the limitations of sociological discourses and theories.

As per research ‘gender’ provides a perspective from which one could examine the biases that exist in the larger society. Some believe that to arrive at a more eloquent understanding of the problems of women in science , one should begin by asking what is the nature of science space that leads to under-representation and marginalisation of women rather than questioning the situation of a woman’s life that makes it difficult for her to pursue science.

In this essay I will explore the different schools of feminism such as Marxist, liberal and radical feminism, who share the view that women are oppressed in a patriarchal society but differ in opinion on who benefits from the inequalities. Each school of feminism has their own understanding of family roles and relationships which I will assess through this essay.

■ the social world is observed by seeing what meanings people give to it and interpreting these meanings from their viewpoint.

The feminist movement of the 1960’s focused solely on the improvement and well- being of women. The idea of Feminism is a critical theory as it is an analytical examination of social conditions and what tools could be utilized to proactively improve these conditions. Overcoming the consistent barriers women had to endure during this era remains prevalent and continues to have psychological effects. In order to strengthen one’s mindset regarding feminism, we must first refer back and understand the intellectual history of the women’s movement and examine areas of how counseling can assist with overcoming these impediments. The Feminist philosophy is the philosophical dimension of intellectual feminism. Many philosophers understand their intellectual history and the history of the women's movement in terms of three "waves."

One of the broadest disciplines in academia is Sociology since there are numerous branches that can be studied. The wide range of topics in this field are mainly organized through written work which allows those in this discourse community to stay connected. In the book titled Discourse Communities: The Rhetoric of Disciplines, Gary D. Schmidt and William J. Vande Kopple, explain that discourse communities are a group of people who share ways in how they present claims, organize, analyze and communicate in their discipline. This is significant to note because each discipline consists of different audiences that can comprehend jargon and methodology differently depending on their discourse community. In most academic disciplines the difference

An objective perspective is one based in fact, in things quantifiable and measurable. A subjective perspective relies on personal feeling, emotion, and aesthetics. Helen Longino defends that science is objective because of the natural social nature of the scientific method. The scientific method involves forming hypotheses and collecting data to either approve or refute a hypothesis. Hypotheses are constructed either by one individual or a group of scientists and are therefore subjective Subjectivity and uncertainty lead to competing theories that are pared down since some are proved to be inconsistent with new observations. Allowing subjectivity is a positive aspect of the scientific method. It allows room for taking risks and therefore leading to hypotheses and discoveries that prove to be valid. Relying solely on objective science can lead to something called a Value-Laden Thesis. This occurs when scientists cannot gather evidence and assess theories without making circumstantial value judgments. “Science is a source of objective, value-free, facts about the world. Science has nothing to do with values, either in the statement of its

Mackie examines one aspect of the origin of objectivity with the argument from relativity. This well-known issue surrounds the fact that different societies enforce vastly different and incompatible moral codes. Within each code, its rules are believed to have objective authority, so it is indirectly argued that there seems to be no objective truths underlying these supposedly objective rules. Mackie adds that even general principles that could

A general definition of Epistemology is the theory of knowledge; it’s methods, validity, and scope. From a Chicana Feminism standpoint, I believe it is how we analyze knowledge from the culture that influences our daily lives. Chicanas strive and grow through the teachings and stories of past activists which tells us the changes that have been made and the changes that are still to come. They are important because it gives us different perspectives and understandings of Chicana history. Not every story it the same, but there is a connection.

[4] This approach is quite unique as a social problem refers to the activities of

Social discourse is speech or text communication that involves a specific historical and social element. The definition of discourse is very broad; th

Epistemology is a study that seeks to elaborate what knowledge is in the real sense. Riley explains how feminism has been a hindrance to access of standard amenities and knowledge in the society. Females have been oppressed in the various fields terming these career paths as gender-sensitive. Feminism is the ideology and general concept that seeks to deal with equality of those rights given to men and women. Women have been deemed to be of the weaker sex and feminism has gone a long way to negating this notion so that even women will have the courage to face their everyday challenges. This paper will look into Riley’s opinion on feminism seeking to agree with her perspective of argument.

Feminist interaction with the philosophy of science, and in particular a feminist interpretation of epistemology, concerns the extent to which bias influences and shapes knowledge within the scientific community, and means to rectify this. There are three main distinctions of feminist philosophy of science - feminist empiricism, standpoint theory, and postmodernism. I am to be comparing and contrasting two of the three, specifically feminist standpoint theory and empiricism. I shall argue that standpoint theory and empiricism are both legitimate methods for feminist epistemology, yet standpoint theory is a more applicable and plausible method for the analysis of science in particular. I will first explain the main tenets of the feminist philosophy of science, going on to then explain reasons why standpoint theory and postmodernism are legitimate tools of analysis in their own right, and then evaluate their legitimacy.