Observation And Inclinometer Analysis

It is important that when Observing and recording you of selecting the appropriate method to suit desired aim of the observation it. We do observations to help look at the different areas of development i.e. physical, intellectual, emotional, and social.

In this phase the athlete is standing in a neutral position holding the ball. The metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) are held at slight flexion pressed against the ground by an isometric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum longus. The ankle is plantar flexed using an isometric contraction of the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The tibiofermoral (knee) joints are slightly flexed by a isomectric contraction of the quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius). The acetabularfemoral (hip) joint is held at a postion of slight flexion through an isometric contraction of the biceps femoris, pectineus, iliacus, and the psoas. The intervertebral (lumbar) joint is extended by an isometric contraction using the erector spinae. The atlantooccipital (cervical spine) joint is flexed by an isometric contraction erector spinae. Both scapulothroracic (shoulder girdle) joint is protracted by an isometric contraction of the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor. The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is at internal rotation by an isometric contraction using the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and the subscapularius. The humeroulnar (elbow) joint is at 90 degrees of flexion by an isometric contraction using the biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and brachialis. The radiocarpal (wrist left and right)

In order to test the passive sufficiency of a bi-articular structure, such as a muscle, both joints which that structure crosses must first be identified. Additionally, the movements of those two joints which will constrain that structure must be identified. Next, one joint must be selected, and placed into the position that may constrain the structure. At the same time, the other joint must be placed in the position which will NOT put further strain on that structure. The selected joint must then be measured for its range of motion. Next, the same must be done with the selected joint, but in contrast, the other joint must be placed in the position which WILL further constrain the bi-articular structure. Once that has been done, the selected joint’s range of motion must be measured once more.

Make three exposures using given technical factors on a phantom knee in PA position . Include saline bags in exposures 1 and 2 to demonstrate patient soft tissue thickness.

The test has the physician move the patellar back and forth while the patient flexes the knee at 30 degrees (Saladin, 1998, p. 44). This test helps diagnose how severe the patella is dislocated and decide the best treatment option. Another test a physician can do is called the patella tracking assessment where they have the patient single leg squat and then stand (Slamaian). If the “patella that slips medially on early flexion is called the J sign, and indicates imbalance between the VMO and lateral structures” (Saladin, 1998, p. 41). Both of these test help diagnose the correct treatment, the difference is the patellar apprehension test is used for more severe cases but both lead to the best treatment

Analysis of the research study referenced in the policy, the quantitative pilot study, revealed the utilization of a one group, prospective, repeated measures design method to collect data (Wong, 2011). Two research assistants performed all data collection. Instruments used in data collection included a 10 question Mental Status Questionnaire, Braden Scale assessment and readings from oxygen and temperature sensors placed on bony prominences (Wong, 2011). While wearing the temperature and oxygen sensors on the trochanters, heels and the sacrum, the participants were placed in a lateral position for 30 minutes, and then turned to the loading position, which is supine for two hours with the head of the bed elevated at 30 degrees. Finally, placed in the unloading position, laterally again for two hours. In total, this data collection, readings from the sensors worn by participants, took place over five hours. All data collected was submitted to the Predictive Analytics Software (PASW) Statistics Base where the information was managed and analyzed, reporting percentages and frequencies occurring within the

In addition, regression analysis was used to determine independent variable among age, BMI, grip strength, sex and K/L grade for knee pain. The result indicated that the most significant variable was BMI correlated with the occurrence of knee pain. ORs of BMI (+5 kg/m2) was 1.54 and the risk was 0.60 which was significant. This implied that the ORs of K/L grade for knee pain can be overestimated due to the possibility of extremely low risk of K/L grade. In fact, the percentage of participants who suffered from knee pain with K/L (grade 2) and K/L (grade 3 and 4) was just 61.0% and 71.0% respectively. In other words, it will be about 40% of participants with K/L grade 2 and about a third of subjects with K/L grade 3 and 4 had no pain at the knee joint at follow-up.

A clinician, respectively, should produce the patient’s clinical history and results, as well as the measurement properties of the index, this well better format and put in place short- and long-term goals based on an individual-report functional scale like the LEFS (1). The intention of this research was to assess the reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity to change the Lower Extremity Functional Scale. This test was given to 107 patients with lower-extremity musculoskeletal dysfunction referred to twelve outpatient PT clinics. This index was dispensed during the patient’s initial assessment, 24 to 48 hours following the initial assessment, and then at weekly intervals for four weeks (1). A patient with an initial LEFS score of 56/80, an example of lower extremity functional scale is to create functional level, set goals, and track progress and outcome, based on the error at any specific position in time for the LEFS of five points, the therapist can be highly confident that the actual scale score is between 51 and 61 (1). The leeway, or error, associated with an assumed measure on the LEFS is about plus or minus five scale points (90% confident intervals). A clinician, ergo, can be moderately confident that an observed score within the parameter of five points of the patient’s “true” outcome (1). The short-form 36-health survey (SF-36) is a 36-item, patient-delivered

Presentation and Examination: The knee anterior drawer test is a commonly used during orthopedic examinations to evaluate the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The test is conducted with the patient supine; hips and knees are flexed at a 45 and 90-degree angles with feet flat on the table. While holding the calf distal to the knee joint pulling suddenly away from the patient tests the anterior drawer while pushing back tests the posterior drawer. In this case, the positive anterior drawer test indicated ACL damage.

Lastly, the pivot shift test could distinguish 21 of the 28 patients had an ACL injury, with a sensitivity of 75, specificity of 100%, and efficiency of 75%. Under anesthesia the pivot test recognized all 28 patients with an ACL injury, giving it a 100% efficiency, sensitivity of 100, and specificity of 100%. The Lachman and AD test both identified 26 of the 28 with an ACL injury, giving them both the efficiency of 92.9%, a sensitivity of 92.9 and specificity of 100%. Conclusion: For outpatient, the AD and Lachman test are great for recognizing an ACL injury, and laxity in the ligament. The pivot shift test is outstanding in recognizing ligament laxity, and ACL injury in those under anesthesia. All three tests can be used in an outpatient setting with good results, but some are more consistent that others depending on the

*insert article *attachedBesides being able to see the inside of a shoulder, doctors use different physical tests to evaluate the shoulder in order to determine what type of injury and how severe an injury may be. One such test was recently developed by Dr. Carl J. Basamania at the Womack Army Medical center in Fort Bragg, N.C. The test was developed to evaluate shoulder instability in a patient. During the test the Dr. or examiner stands next to the patient who is to lay flat on his/her back. The hand of the examined should is held firmly by the examiner. The examiner then pushes against the clavicle to stabilize th scapula, while they also gently hold the pectoral muscle with their thumb in order to be able to assess relaxation. The examiner then rotates the arm form neutral to full external rotation. If the patient has AIGHL incompetence there is a lack of tightening as the arm reaches full external rotation. The test has appeared to be highly accurate and may be of value to Dr.'s and surgeons alike. After doctors have determined what type and what degree of injury a patient has sustained using various tests it is on to the next step, rehabilitation.

For shoulder flexion 61% of the variance could be accounted for by the sit-and-reach. A correlation was also found between the modified sit-and-reach test and both the shoulder extension and hip flexion tests. For shoulder extension 33% of the variance was accounted for by the modified sit-and-reach and for hip flexion 22% of the variance was accounted for by the modified sit-and-reach.

To evaluate injuries, musculoskeletal palpation is taught in many athletic training programs. Oftentimes, the focus is on accuracy of surface anatomy landmarks instead of the ability to discriminate qualitative information such as, tissue tone, spasm, or pain response from the soft tissue. Palpation is a large foundation for evaluation and intervention, a need to further the development of this skill exists. Due to this the integration of tasks to improve palpation skills throughout athletic training curriculum may help improve student confidence, accuracy and precision while performing patient evaluation and manual medicine interventions. Recent research has proven that stereognosis drills can improve student’s palpation skills and provide advanced training to better refine palpation skills. Below, the definition of stereognosis will be defined, as well as, altering techniques to perform these drills. 1

Anatomical and tracking markers are used in infra-red light motion analysis to measure 3D displacement of tracking markers attached to Abnormal loading of the knee can cause knee joint injuries or disease. Tracking markers are placed on each thigh and shank laterally by adhesive coban tape to reflect infra-red light for tracking. Infra-red light is emitted by 9 cameras which are also responsible for detection of the reflected infra-red light. Anatomical markers are used as reference point for anatomical calibration by using a marked pointer. Anatomical markers are typically placed at the medial and lateral epicondyle gap. 3 bony landmarks can be marked to establish a segmental body axis system. Coordinates of the 3 segmental bony landmarks to tracking marker axis systems within the global coordinate system can then be related together. By assuming rigid body, fixed bony axis systems are then developed in relation to the tracking marker axis systems. Finally, during the walking trial, position of tracking markers relative to the global coordinate system can be measured.

One subject was used, and was seated in the same position for each of the three tests performed. Because the patellar reflex is immediate, a video was taken during each tap with the hammer to visually compare the strength differences for each influence that was put into effect. This provided a steady, unwavering result with the option of repeated viewing for the conclusion of the experiment. After all three stages of the experiment were completed, the videos were reviewed for comparison between the baseline reflex and the three changing factors, along with any discrepancies and problematic areas that may have altered the results. The strength of the reflex was recorded as either equal to, more vigorous than, or less vigorous than the baseline reflex and the results were put into a simple chart.